Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible post:17.02.2024 at 01:50

Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible

 
why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible

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Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible/

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Many early copies of the Life is struggle vava Testament abbreviate sacred words (nomina sacra). The earliest of these abbreviations stand for “God,” “Lord,” “Christ,” and “Jesus.” Abbreviations of these words were formed by writing their first and last letters and placing a line over them. Thus, using English to illustrate, “God” would appear as GD and “Lord” as LD.

The attempt to differentiate and dignify the sacred name of God goes back to pre-Christian times; it was done first by Jews.

From the Dead Sea Scrolls we know that Jewish scribes often distinguished the divine name Yahweh. (Yahweh is known as the Tetragrammaton because it consists of four consonant Hebrew letters, yod, he, vav, he, often written in English YHWH.) Frequently, the scribes who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls would write the Tetragrammaton in old paleo-Hebrew script, although the scroll was otherwise written in square Aramaic script. An example is the Habakkuk commentary found in cave 1. In the portion reproduced in the color photograph, the Tetragrammaton appears twice in paleo-Hebrew script on line 7 word 3 (reading from right to left) and on line 14 word 7. The rest of the text is in square Aramaic script—the same script used as a basis for writing Hebrew today. The Tetragrammaton is used in the Habakkuk commentary only in Biblical quotations. Whenever reference is made to God in the commentary portion, the generic word el (God) is used. This is true not only in the Habakkuk commentary, but in other Qumran (Dead Sea Scroll) documents as well.

The Qumran covenanters had other devices for circumventing the use of God’s name. Sometimes they would write four or five dots in place of the Tetragrammaton. In the Community Rule, for example, the writer quotes Isaiah 40:3 as follows: “Prepare in the wilderness the way of. … ”. We know from the Masoretic Text that the four dots stand for the Tetragrammaton YHWH. This same passage is quoted again in a document discovered in Qumran Cave 4 (4QTanhumim) with four dots representing the divine name. At times, dots were placed above the Tetragrammaton when it had been written by mistake, apparently as a means of canceling the word without actually erasing it.

Jews early adopted the practice of not pronouncing the divine name when Scripture was read aloud, even in prayer. The word adonai (Lord) was (and is to this day) read by Jews instead of the Tetragrammaton YHWH which appears on the page.

Such practices vav ecmo for north-south syndrome writing the divine name in archaic script, of substituting dots for it, or of avoiding it altogether suggests that to Jews the sacred name for God was a special word which required special treatment both in writing and oral reading.

Christian Scriptures frequently quote passages from the Old Testament in which the divine name YHWH appears in the original Hebrew. In these quotations, however, the divine name is translated into the Greek word kyrios (Lord), or occasionally theos (God). Both of these words are generic words for God, not limited to the Hebrew God whose name is Yahweh and who is represented in the Hebrew Bible by the Tetragrammaton. Most of these Old Testament quotations in the New come from the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Old Testament made by Jews in pre-Christian times. The Septuagint (or at least the extant, later Christian copies of it) usually renders the Tetragrammaton by kyrios; the New Testament simply follows this practice.

In 1944, W. G. Waddell discovered the remains of 013an Egyptian papyrus scroll (Papyrus Fuad 266) dating to the first or second century B.C. which included part of the Septuagint. In no instance, however, was YHWH translated kyrios. Instead the Tetragrammaton itself—in square Aramaic letters—was written into the Greek text. This parallels the Qumran Covenanters’ use of the palaeo-Hebrew script for the Divine Name in a document which was otherwise written in square Aramaic sela vave sheer even closer parallel to the practice Waddell found in Papyrus Fuad 266 comes from second century A.D. Jewish translations of the Old Testament why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible Greek by Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion. In 1897, F. C. Burkitt published some fragments of Aquila’s Greek Old Testament which had been found in the debris of a geniza (a storeroom for worn out manuscripts) of the adalaj vav in gujarat synagogue in Cairo. These fragments which are the underwriting of palimpsesta scraps clearly show the Hebrew Tetragrammaton in paleo-Hebrew script written why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible the otherwise Greek text. A number of other similar examples have also come to light.

At the end of the last century, Giovanni Cardinal Mercati discovered a palimpsest in the Ambrosian Library of Milan containing parts of the Psalter to Origen’s Hexaplab (lacking the Hebrew column). All the columns show the Tetragrammaton written in square Aramaic script, although the texts are otherwise written in Greek.

Fragments of Psalm 22 from Origen’s Hexapla, found in the Cairo geniza, were published in 1900 by C. Taylor. These fragments show the Tetragrammaton written into the Greek columns of Aquila, Symmachus, and the Septuagint in the strange form of PIPI. This is a clumsy attempt to represent with Greek letters what the Tetragrammaton looked like in Hebrew. The Greek letter pi somewhat resembles the Hebrew letter he.

The Fuad papyrus scroll is the earliest example we have examined, dating to the first or second century B.C. Here for the first time we have clear evidence that in pre-Christian times the Septuagint, at least sometimes, did not translate the divine name with the Greek word kyrios as had been thought; rather it preserved the Hebrew word YHWH itself. Could it be that Jews had always written the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew into the text of their Greek Bibles and that this practice represented a continuous tradition from the earliest Septuagint through the second century translations of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion? Or is the Fuad manuscript a maverick, the only one in its day to do such a thing?

In 1952, fragments of a scroll of the Twelve Prophets in Greek were found in a cave at Nahal Hever in the Judean Desert. Père D. Barthelemy announced the discovery of the scroll in 1953 and ten years later published a transcription of it. In all probability the document dates to the beginning of the first Christian century. Like the Fuad papyrus it too writes the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew—in old style script—in an otherwise Greek text.

At Qumran cave 4, a fragment of the Greek translation of Leviticus confirms that the divine name was preserved in the pre-Christian Septuagint. In this scroll, dated by P. W. Skehan to the first century B.C., the Tetragrammaton is transliterated with the Greek letters IAO.

Thus, we have three separate pre-Christian copies of the Greek Septuagint Bible and in not a single instance is the Tetragrammaton translated kyrios or for that matter translated at all. We can now say with near certainty that it was a Jewish practice before, during, and after the New Testament period to write the divine name in paleo-Hebrew or square Aramaic script or in transliteration right into the Greek text of Scripture. This presents a striking comparison with the Christian copies of the Septuagint and the quotations of it in the New Testament which translate the Tetragrammaton as kyrios or theos.

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Why do Christian copies of the Septuagint reflect a practice so radically different from that of the Jews in designating the Divine Name? Or do they? We have already mentioned that while Christians translated the Tetragrammaton as either kyrios or theos, they abbreviated these surrogates by writing only their first and last letters and by placing a line over them to attract attention. What was the purpose of these Christian abbreviations?

In 1907, Ludwig Traube suggested that the nomina sacra were of Hellenistic Jewish origin. The first of these, he suggested, was theos, which was abbreviated without vowels so as to follow the Hebrew custom of writing consonants only. Soon theos was followed by kyrios which became an alternate surrogate and the first and last letters became an alternate contraction. According to Traube, these contractions gave rise to the belief that the important thing was to write sacred words in abbreviated form. This resulted in a number of words being written in a similar way (for example, spirit, father and heaven).

In 1959, A. H. R. E. Paap took up the issue again and argued that the system of contracted nomina sacra was of Jewish-Christian origin emanating from Alexandria about 100 A.D.

It seems to me, however, that a much better case can be made that the system of contractions is of Gentile Christian origin. The divine name YHWH was and is the most sacred word in the Hebrew language. So it is hardly likely that Jews of any sort would have removed it from their Bibles. Furthermore, we know now from discoveries in Egypt and the Judean desert that Jews wrote the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew even in their Greek texts. In all likelihood Jewish Christians felt the same way about the divine name and continued to preserve it in Hebrew in their Bibles. A famous rabbinic passage (Talmud Shabbat 13.5) discusses the problem of destroying heretical texts (very probably including books of Jewish-Christians). The problem arises for the rabbinic writer because the heretical texts contain the divine name, and their wholesale destruction would include the destruction of the divine name. This further suggests that Jewish Christians did not translate the divine name into Greek.

But Gentile Christians, unlike Jewish Christians, had no traditional attachment to the Hebrew Tetragrammaton and no doubt often failed even to recognize it. Gentile scribes who had never before seen Hebrew writing (especially in its archaic form) could hardly be expected to preserve the divine name. Perhaps this contributed to the use of surrogates like kyrios and theos for the Tetragrammaton. The contracted form of the surrogates marked why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible sacred nature of the name standing behind them in a way which was convenient for Gentile scribes to write. At the same time why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible abbreviated surrogates may have appeased Jewish Christians who continued to feel the necessity of differentiating the divine name from the rest of the text. After the system of contractions was in use for some time, its purpose was forgotten and many other contracted words which had no connection with the Tetragrammaton were introduced.

Assuming this to be generally correct, I offer the following scenario of the history of the Tetragrammaton in the Greek Bible as why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible whole, including both testaments. First, as to the Old Testament: Jewish scribes always preserved the Tetragrammaton in their copies of the Septuagint both before and after the New Testament period. In all probability Jewish Christians wrote the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew as well. Toward the end of the first Christian century, when the church had become predominantly Gentile, the motive for retaining the Hebrew name for God was lost and the words kyrios and theos were substituted for it in Christian copies of Old Testament Septuagints. Both kyrios and theos were written in abbreviated form in a conscious effort to preserve the sacred nature of the divine name. Soon the original significance of the contractions was lost and many other contracted words were added.

A similar pattern probably evolved with respect to the New Testament. When the Septuagint which the New Testament church used and quoted contained the Hebrew form of the divine name, the New Testament writers no doubt included the Tetragrammaton in their quotations. But when the Hebrew form for the divine name was eliminated in favor of Greek substitutes in the Septuagint, it was why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible also from the New Testament quotations of the Septuagint.

Thus toward the end of the first Christian century, the use of surrogates (kyrios and theos) and their contractions must have crowded out the Hebrew Tetragrammaton in both Testaments. Before long the divine name was lost to the Gentile church except insofar as it was reflected in the contracted surrogates or remembered by scholars. Soon, even the contracted substitutes lost their original significance and were joined by a host of other abbreviated nomina sacra which had no connection with the divine name at all.

Is there any way for us, at this late date, to calculate the effect which this change in the Bible had on the second century why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible It is of course impossible to know with certainty, but the effect must 056have been significant. First, a number of passages must have taken on an ambiguity which the original lacked. For example, the second century church read, “The Lord said to my Lord” (Matthew 22:44, Mark 12:36, Luke 20:42), a reading which is as ambiguous as it is imprecise. The first century church probably read, “YHWH said to my Lord.”

To the second century church, “Prepare the way of the Lord” (Mark 1:3) must have meant one thing, since it immediately followed the words: “The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ.” But to the First Century Church it must have meant something else since they read, “Prepare the way of YHWH.”

The second century church read 1 Corinthians 1:31, “The one who boasts, let him boast in the Lord,” which was probably considered a reference to Christ mentioned in verse 30. But to the first century church, it probably referred to God mentioned in verse 29 since they read, “The one who boasts let him boast in YHWH.”

These examples are sufficient to suggest that the removal of the Tetragrammaton from the New Testament and its replacement with the surrogates kyrios and theos blurred the original distinction between the Lord God and the Lord Christ, and in many passages made it impossible to tell which one was meant. This is supported by the fact that in a number of places where Old Testament quotations are cited, there is a confusion in the manuscript tradition whether to read God or Christ in the discussion surrounding the quotation. Once the Tetragrammaton was removed and replaced by the surrogate “Lord”, scribes were unsure whether “Lord” meant God or Christ. As time went on, these two figures were brought into even closer unity until it was often impossible to distinguish between them. Thus it may be that the removal of the Tetragrammaton contributed significantly to the later Christological and Trinitarian debates which plagued the church of the early Christian centuries.

Whatever the case, the removal of the Tetragrammaton probably created a different theological climate from that which existed during the New Testament period of the first century. The Jewish God who had always been carefully distinguished from all others by the use of his Hebrew name lost some of his distinctiveness vava moov 28 wont connect the passing of the Tetragrammaton. How much He lost may be known only by the discovery of a first century New Testament in which the Hebrew name YHWH still appears.

(For further details, see George Howard, “The Tetragram and the New Testament”, Journal of Biblical Literature 96 (1977) 63–83.)

Many early copies of the New Testament abbreviate sacred words (nomina sacra). The earliest of these abbreviations stand for “God,” “Lord,” “Christ,” and “Jesus.” Abbreviations of these words were formed by writing their first and last letters and placing a line over them. Thus, using English to illustrate, “God” would appear as G÷D÷ and “Lord” as L÷D÷. The attempt to differentiate and dignify the sacred name of God goes back to pre-Christian times; it was done first by Jews. From the Dead Sea Scrolls we know that Jewish scribes often distinguished the divine name Yahweh. (Yahweh is known as […]

Jesus in the Ancient Hebrew Alphabet Part 11 – Yod – The Hand of God

(Ver 1.1) Today is Part 11 in the amazing study of the Ancient Hebrew Alphabet. This is an incredible subject containing infinite amounts of hidden information contained within the pictures of each letter of the ancient Hebrew pictographic Alphabet. We can easily find with study how each of these letters point us to the God that loved us so much that He chose to become one of us to save us from ourselves and our enemy. Many of us after studying this information have confirmed that each letter of the alphabet is a living “sign” post that reveals and points us to Jesus Christ our Lord and Savior.

These lessons were paused for a short time. But it seemed good to the Holy Spirit for these lessons to continue in the series for those that want to learn it. We believe that there are many today that want a deeper relationship with our creator God. The truth is always the truth, and Jesus told us that us coming to know the truth would set us free (Jn 8:32). We are trusting God to bring the right people in that will receive from these informative lessons. Thank you, Jesus.

This is a friendly Christian warning at the beginning, that this is a highly spiritual the westin alexandria vav series containing potentially offensive materials that are not well received by carnal immature Christians or the religiously indoctrinated person that is closed minded and unwilling vava torres see and learn anything that is outside of their tiny boxes of traditional denominational teachings and backgrounds.

Therefore, please do not become angry or insulted if there are scriptures references given in this study that you disagree with as applying to or not applying to our study subject. No one here is going to argue with you, debate you, or fight you over any truth given. If you disagree, you are welcome to disagree in love, and choose to believe whatever you like. But please know that this lesson is covered with love and a lot of Bible verses that should not be ignored. As always if you have any significant knowledge that would be a blessing to others, or if you see any mistakes or typographical errors, any positive and constructive comments are always welcome.

Today’s lesson will focus primarily upon the ancient Hebrew letter “Yod”, also pronounced by some as “Yud” or “Yawd”. You vava 120 inch screen installation recall that we have seen this letter in previous study lessons about “Jehovah”, spelled “Yod” + “Hey” + “Vav” + “Hey”. Hopefully you learned the pictures of these 4 letters represent one of the most significant names of God (Jehovah), and they declare a prophetic message saying, “Behold the Hand, Behold the Nail”. This name is clearly a prophecy of Jesus after being nailed to a cross.

The “Yod” is the 10th letter of the Hebrew Alphabet, and it is by far one of the most significant letters of the entire Alphabet for many reasons, but we will focus upon three of them for now. One reason for this is that it is this letter that occurs the most frequently in the entire God designed Hebrew text of Genesis to Malachi. Another key reason, is that many of the important names of God begin with this letter, JEHOVAH, JAH, YESHUA, JERUSALEM, ISRAEL, etc.

Another major reason why this letter is so significant is what the picture of it represents. The ancient Hebrew letter “Yod” is a picture of an extended arm with a hand reaching out doing work with their implied power. Thus, this letter “Yod” picture matches the revealed description of God very well.

2Ch 32:17  Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible wrote also letters to rail on the LORD God of Israel, and to speak against him, saying, As the gods of the nations of other lands have not delivered their people out of mine hand, so shall not the God of Hezekiah deliver his people out of mine hand

Proud and arrogant men and women today still stand in defiance of the powerful Yod “hand” of God as this king was doing. He was opposing God’s people who were being led by Hezekiah. This king thought much too much of himself, by believing that his hand was more powerful than the Hand of God that created him. If you read the subsequent context, you will find that this defiant king was put down and brought to nothing by the hand of one angel, sent from God. This is just an example of what we will be learning about today.

As you should be aware in today’s world, we should be standing in faith to believe God’s Yod Hand is at work to help us overcome our enemies led by Satan attempts at a surprise plan for a premature takeover of the world through his anti-Christ agenda. If you have been awake and aware it is self-evident concerning the events of the bold in your face pride based forceful silencing and takeover of everyone that knows the truth. This is why this lesson is more relevant than you may understand.

If we are ready, we will get into more of this letter in our study using the following outline of topics:

  1. Introduction to the letter Yod
  2. Yod = Number 10
  3. Essential Yod Words and Basic Concepts
  4. Hand of God = Power of God
  5. Yod Hand of God in Creation
  6. The Mouth of God Activates the Hand of God
  7. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

As previously stated, this is one of the most significant letters of the entire alphabet. It has vast amounts of meanings, and applications to describe and reveal God to us and how He chose to manifest in human form in His Son named Jesus. This letter, as you can see from the picture of it, resembles an outstretched arm extending the hand as when someone is working, throwing, taking hold of something and other like why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible are learning now about the ancient Hebrew letter “Yod” and the primary meanings and applications to knowing God. As you can see from the picture of the letter above, the very literal meaning of this letter pictograph is the extended open “hand”.  A hand is designed for grabbing, taking, gathering, picking, working, and holding things. Therefore, this letter represents creative works, planting and harvesting agricultural labor, actions performed to fulfill plans, tasks accomplished to achieve goals, and any primarily good job performed when used in relation to God who is “Good”. Therefore, the letter “Yod” can figuratively represent God’s power and strength on display or in movement to affect others, in the positive God nature to bless, save, deliver, and to heal.

The letter “Yod” is the most prolific letter found in the Hebrew text of the Old Testament. This single letter is used by God over 31,500 times, more than any other letter. This appears to show God’s emphasis and importance of the letter. Jesus while walking the face of our planet confirms this letter’s importance by saying the following:

Mat 5:18  For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one hair vaves for men shall in no wise pass from why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible law, till all be fulfilled.

This is a strange verse until you research it and study what the words mean. We need to realize two things immediately, that 1) Jesus is the one doing the speaking and 2) that He is speaking of the Hebrew written Law. We find out quickly that we are in the need of a translator because we know that Jesus was born a Jew in Israel, and He was inspired by the Holy Spirit what to say everywhere He went. This makes His words, God’s words. But Jesus was most likely speaking in the Hebrew tongue to these people (Mat 15:24).

But the writer of the Gospel of Matthew is being inspired by the Holy Ghost to write the original Hebrew spoken words in the Greek language. Any inspired words in the original written languages makes them the Word of the Living God.

But finally, today we are reading another translation into the English language. So, we are potentially losing a lot of important information because of the Hebrew to Greek which is then being moved into the English language. Every modern translation that has been written has the potential for being heavily influenced by their human biases and steam vav gulf breeze fl lack of full understanding of the languages and words, not to mention the potential for knowing little about the original author God. No doubt Mathew was inspired correctly which Greek words to write, but the English translators are doubtful to be fully inspired by the Holy Spirit because of the numerous errors that are presented in the translation.

We can look at a concordance and find that the English translated word “Jot” is written in the Greek New Testament text as the Greek “alphabet” letter “Iota”. Yes, God uses vav box noise Greek alphabet letters to teach us things, in the same way as He has done in the Hebrew alphabet letter designs. We have already seen this fact when God writes about Jesus saying, “I am the Alpha and the Omega”, which are the first and the last letters of the Greek alphabet and we know this applies to the Hebrew alphabet letters “Alef” and “Tav”. We just must become smart enough to make the language transitions correctly.

Then guess why it was written in Greek text as Iota and where it came from? The Greek letter Iota has been transliterated from the original Jesus vav dampers Hebrew letter “Yod”. It is also interesting that the letter iota is the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet, but in the Greek system of numeral meanings, iota has the value of “10”.  

The English letter “I” is also the 9th letter of the alphabet. The letter “J” is the 10th letter, and this was chosen as the name of Jesus in more modern transliteration forms. But the letter “J” did not even exist until around 1600 AD. Before this addition the name Jesus was written like the Greek transliterated name “Iesous”. Therefore, the letters “I”, “Iota” and “Yod” are all language sounding equivalents.

Wow, all this knowledge changes everything we see in Matthew 5:18! Jesus just said that heaven and earth would pass away, but not one letter “Iota” (Greek) which is the equivalent to the letter “Yod” (Hebrew) would be removed from God’s written Torah (Law). Please also consider that at the times of Jesus, the Hebrew letter “Yod”, had been modified from a picture of a hand and an arm to be written as one of the smallest letters of the entire alphabet as י. This Hebrew letter look more like an English symbol called an “apostrophe” than anything else.

Nevertheless, the fact that in Greek the name of Jesus begins with an Iota further establishes this letter to the “Yod” and His Father’s primary name “Jehovah” begins with this same letter.  and this letter represents the “hand of God”, and “His Power”, and we can see how this applies to the validity of what Jesus just said. We can confirm the why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible of these “Yods” (Hand of God) will ever disappear from existence, because God will never cease to be God. Therefore, the “Yod” like the rest of the letters will never change, be removed, be erased, or why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible to exist.

It is very important to know that each alphabet letter in the Hebrew language has multiple layers of essential knowledge built into it. Remember each letter was an original pictographic drawing and each picture contains the basis for the other layers of meanings. The picture is like the foundation of a house. The old adage, that a picture tells a thousand words can be literally true in the ancient Hebrew letter picture. But this is just the initial foundation to something much larger and more complex.

Each letter is at least two numbers, 1) the order of sequence and 2) an assigned gematria value. As we have seen many times vava earpods vs mpow earbuds number values have very specific meanings only found when we choose to search for them in the scriptures. For example, in today’s letter the value of 10 is very specific and there are many verses where God selected the number 10 to apply to new meanings that we will learn about later.

Each letter is also a “word”. Therefore, the spelling of the equivalent word of each letter and its arrangement and joined meanings of the combined formed word letters provides us with several new layers of application and meaning. Then there are the multiple layers of usage and context selections by the designer of the text and word arrangements for a specific order, that causes the never-ending abundance of information that can be hidden around one letter of the alphabet. This is called intelligent design by a very intelligent designer.

The Hebrew word equivalent of this letter Yod, is the word H3027 spelled as vav gyeoul + “Dalet”. This Hebrew word is used in the Bible over 1500 times and is translated over 1000 times as “hand” and over 270 times in the plural form as “hands”. Therefore, the primary and basic meaning of the word is the same as what is found in the individual letter picture representation. These two meanings agree and are used to confirm the definition of “hand” as being the truth (Mat 18:16). Remember the Bible says in the mouth of 2 or 3 witnesses let every word of Truth be established.

Let us quickly analyze the spelling of the word H3027 sounded as “yawd”. This word begins with the letter “yod” meaning “hand” and ends with the letter “dalet” meaning a “door”. But here is where we need to see the applied application for a door to understand the more complete meaning.

A “door” allows movement out of the walls that keeps out what is outside or keeps enclosed what is on the inside. Therefore, the combined meaning of these two letters represents the “moving hand” or the “hand that moves”. Thus, this applies a figurative symbolic meaning to the word as someone that moves their hands for the positive actions to “throw”, “work”, “correct”, “plant”, “make”, “create”, “invent”, “save”, “heal”, etc.

But like other letters, it also has multiple evil associations depending upon the character, morals, attitudes, values, intentions, etc. of the person that is moving the hand (Yod). There is almost always a positive versus negative antithesis to every letter and word in the Bible. The Bible is an amazingly binary book of choices, meaning there are always left versus right, good versus evil, right versus wrong, friend versus enemy, truth versus lie, etc.

This brings us to understand that it is just not Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible that has a hand (Yod) as we were introduced to in the opening statement. We will confirm in this lesson that Jesus as a human man why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible two kinds of hands, one set being natural and the other being spiritual with both working together in operation simultaneously for God’s purpose and plan. That means humans were all created with “hands”, referring to the two literal attached parts of the arms as well as power and ability to work with them for either good or for evil. As Christians today, we all have the capability to access and utilize our spiritual hands for “good”, through exercising our Christ given delegated authority (Mat 28:18-19) to bring order back into the world.

But we must also know that there are other heavenly beings that were created with hands that contain power to work, serve, or even to do evil. God’s creative class of angelic beings were made to have hands that were pure and holy in the beginning (Eze 28:15). But after sin was found in Lucifer when he rebelled against God’s hand, he took with him 1/3 of the created angels (Rev 12:4). After angelic rebellion, God had hands that were against Him, and they only wanted to do evil to exalt themselves into power (Isa 14:12-13). Clearly this was a great angelic mistake and underestimation of God’s hand, but they must have believed that it was possible at first.

Therefore, we have three major categories of beings with hands in scriptures:

  1. God our Creator (Exo 13:3)
  2. Created Angels (Job 1:27)
  3. Created humans made in the image and likeness of God (Gen 3:22)

Then we must understand, that within two of these three kinds of hands we have the potential for further division:

  1. Good Hands – Hands working for or with Good (Eph 4:28).
  2. Evil Hands – Hands working for Evil against God (Deu 31:29).

What we are learning is that there are many created beings that resided both in heaven and on the earth that had hands meaning ability to do work, exert power and perform and carry out purposes of design either for “good” or for “evil”. This means God designed us all with “hands” to carry out and perform internal choices or external instructions. God was the original model of this feature.

The phrase “hand of God” occurs 16 times in vav ecmo for north-south syndrome KJV Bible. The phrase “hand of the LORD” occurs in 38 verses. The phrase “Lord’s hand” occurs 5 times. Therefore, that is more than enough references to understand that God has defined Himself to possess a quality or feature called “hands” in the spirit realm. This will be one of the main focused subjects today, but we will also try to cover the effects of other created hands that can do either good or evil.

YOD = Number 10

The letter Yod is the 10th letter of the alphabet and is also assigned the numerical value of 10 in gematria. The number ten as you may recall is the number that represents ordinal perfection and/or completeness. There are numerous occurrences of this number within scriptures that are extraordinary to know. For example:

  1. There were 10 recorded creation of God statements in Genesis 1. Each statement was God revealing a place where, “God said” something and that which was spoken was then manifested and God calls these types of things the works of His hands (Isa 45:12).
  2. God creates Adam forming his body with His hands from the why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible of the ground and places on him 2 hands, one left and one right and having 10 total fingers (Gen 2, Ps 119:73).
  3. There were 10 generations from Adam to Noah when God’s flood judgment came upon the earth (Gen 5).
  4. Abraham pays tithes (10%) to Melchizedek in Genesis14:18-20.
  5. God agreed to not destroy Sodom if 10 righteous were why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible. (Gen 18:32)
  6. God Judges Egypt after 400 years of Israel’s bondage and uses 10 plagues in Egypt to free them (Gen 15:14, Exo 6:5-6).
  7. First Passover in Egypt was the 10th plague, and it began when the lamb was selected on the 10th day of the first month. (Exo 12:2)
  8. God gives Moses 10 commandments carved on two stone tablets by His finger on Mt. Sinai. (Exo 31:18, Deut 4:13). This is a repeat of the two hands of man containing 10 fingers pattern.
  9. Israel in the wilderness tempted God 10 times and were judged and did not enter the promised land. (Num 14:22)
  10. Boaz takes 10 men to witness and judge the purchase of Elimelech’s possessions and the taking of Ruth to be his wife (Ruth 4:2).
  11. Job rebukes his friends for vexing his soul and breaking him into pieces ten vav comes to us, with their words (Job 19:1-2)
  12. Daniel and the 3 Israelites were tested for 10 days to see if God’s diet would be better than the King’s diet and were justified. (Dan 1:15).
  13. Daniel and the 3 Israelites, when tested by vav ecmo for north-south syndrome King, were found 10 times wiser and more understanding than all his magicians. (Dan 1:20)

These are just a few occurrences of the number 10 that are significant. There are certain patterns given to us in these few occurrences that need our attention. For example, we can see parallels between the ten fingers on 2 hands concept of man in creation, to be like the 10 commandments written on 2 tablets of stone by the finger of God. Therefore, we can see how the Law given to Moses represents God’s extension of His hands to bring order back onto earth. It was this concept of God’s order that was given to Adam when He was told to dress and keep the garden (Gen 2:15), meaning God intended Adam to use his created hands with 10 fingers, to work it, guard it, protect it, etc. We can arrive at several implied conclusions from this information next.

The number 10 appears to be further confirmed to represent power and authority. It is through God’s Laws written with His hands, that were designed to bring back order to man’s dominion with His 10 written commandments in stone. But the created world’s power and authority was originally transferred from God’s Hands to His created man Adam’s hands (Gen 1:26). This delegated authority that God gave Adam, assigned him the responsibility to maintain the created order of God’s creation pattern of being and remaining in a state of being only “Good”.

It also was intended to remove or prevent any chaotic influences and consequences from entering or occurring on the earth if wise choices were continuing to be implemented. But Adam chose to take with his “hand” (Yod, = power and authority) to eat from the tree that God had commanded him not to take from or he would die (Gen 3:11). If Adam would have chosen correctly, he could have kept sin from entering into the world, that was before man’s sin “only” found in heaven in Lucifer’s rebellion (Eze 28:15).

Notice we are discovering 3 “hands” of power and authority that are working in this previous description of creation. We real id requirements vava dmv the Yod Hand of God’s why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible and authority working from within heaven, that created the heavens and the earth (Gen 1:1). We have the delegated power and authority (Yod = hands) life is struggle vava man that was supposed to be utilized to not allow Satan’s entrance into the newly created world (Gen 1:26, Gen 2:15). Then we have the hands of Lucifer that rebelled before Adam was created, and because of Adam’s bad choices why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible causes all humans to come into agreement together with Satan against God (Isa 28:15, Eph 2:19).

We find the number 10 multiple times, having vav ecmo for north-south syndrome meaning of power and authority and we should also notice in why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible list the patterns of 10 for bringing God judgments. For example, the sins of the earth were tolerated by God for 10 generations between Adam and Noah. With Noah’s generation, God sees the filling-up of the chaotic corruption cup of sin in the world.

This concept appears to teach us that God sets limits of evil and in Noah’s day it had reached an overflowing level of His limit (Genesis 6). God’s end point came when the “sons of God” began to work to “take” (yod hand action) the daughters of Life is struggle vava, and they begin to produce a corrupted line of perverted giants within human creation (Gen 6:4).

It appears that this act of Satan was done to destroy God’s creation by corrupting the blood line and DNA of originally created Adam. Satan implements this plan by assigning some of his subservient rebellious angels the task to have sexual relations with human women. But we can see that these evils brought further judgements that have taken place to remove these evil angels from earth, being revealed to us in verses like Jude 1:6 and 2 Peter 2:4. These are just further examples of God’s judgments even upon the angelic class of creation, when lines are crossed.

What we are observing is the fact that it took 10 generations before God said, “enough is enough” and this caused His judgment from heaven to fall upon man upon the earth (Gen 6). This will be a repeated pattern. For example, we know that natural Israel was held in bondage as slaves for 400 years. It is noteworthy to remember the number 400 is the value of the letter “Tav” which represent the “Cross” why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible of Christ, the lamb of God slain for mankind.

But these 400 years of bondage brough about another of God’s judgments upon the nation of Egypt for all the evil that was done to Israel (Gen 15:13-14). Please remember this concept of “bondage” because it will reoccur soon. We will see this prophetic pattern being repeated when Jesus comes into the world after 4,000 years of human bondage to release us all from Satan’s captivity. This event of the “cross” was also God’s judgment upon His only begotten Son after He took all our sins upon His body (1 Pet 2:23).

But God brought upon Egypt exactly 10 plagues by His hand (Yod) for judgment. But it was the 10th plague that was the ultimate great judgment of “death” upon rebellious humans to kill their “firstborn” (Num 33:4). Families without the blood of a lamb placed upon wooden doorposts of their house experienced the death of their “firstborn”.

Finally, we can see another key example of God’s judgment upon humans in Israel in the wilderness. God says in Numbers 14:22 “that these people have murmured against me 10 times and have not listened to my voice”. Therefore, God’s judgement fell upon them, and all of Isreael 20 years and older died while remaining in the wilderness for 40 years (Num 14:28-29), except for Joshua and Caleb who were of a different spirit and made the right faithful choices.

What we are finding is a concept that many parents do to their children. When their children are ignoring them, they begin to count to ten, and if the children do not obey them, then there should be disciplined consequences. Since God is the ultimate Father (Heb 12:9), who is extremely loving, merciful, patient and kind, we still find that He must utilize limits and boundaries to eventually bring about human judgments through His hand.

We are discovering this power of God is revealed in His “hand” (Yod) and how it has been connected to the number 10. The fact that we have 10 fingers is significant because there was a race of giants created by angels that had 12 fingers (2 Sam 21:20). Then when we see the 10 commandments being written by the finger of God into two tablets of stone, this implies there were 5 laws in each stone.

This was just a rapid introduction and overview of some of the applications of the Yod value of the number 10, and it is not possible to cover everything that it represents in a single lesson, much less one section. But please remember what God says in Proverbs 22:15. In this verse God says, “foolishness is bound in the heart of a child, but a rod of correction, shall drive it far from him”. Then remember it takes a Yod hand of judgment to hold this rod of correction.

Essential YOD Words and Basic Concepts

There are several essential words that begin with the letter “Yod”. Let us only focus upon a few of these key words to learn some of God’s important usages of this key letter of the alphabet and how it applies to Jesus.

  1. H3029 – YDH = Give Praise, Give Thanks, (Gen 29:35)
  2. H3045 – YDAh = Know by Seeing, experiencing, covenant terminology (Gen 4:1)
  3. H3050 – YAH = Jah, short form of Jehovah name of God (Ps 68:4, 18)
  4. H3054 – YDH = Jew, one from the tribe of Judah, comes from the name Jehudah (H3063).
  5. H3063 – Judah aka Jehudah the fourth son of Leah and Jacob, a key father in the lineage of King David and vava barca Son King Jesus (1 Siemens ip vav controller 9:5, vava moov25 wont pair with iphone xs 33:17)
  6. H3068 – Jehovah – LORD, Name of God spelled Yod Hey Vav Hey
  7. H3070 – Jehovah Jireh – The LORD Sees (Gen 22:14)
  8. H3091 – Yehoshua – Joshua = Jehovah is salvation (Hebrew name of Jesus) (Exo 17:9)
  9. H3124 – Yonah – Jonah = Dove (Jonah 1:1)
  10. H3130 – Yoseph = Joseph = Jehovah has added, 1st Son of Jacob and Rachel (Gen 30:24)
  11. H3290 – Yaaqob = Jacob = Heel Holder or Catcher, 2nd son of Isaac (Gen 25:26)
  12. H3327 – Yitschaq = Isaac = He laughs, Son of Abraham and Sarah (Gen 17:19)
  13. H3371 ebtron vav airflow sensor ef x 1000 Jehovah Nissi – The LORD my banner (Victory) (Gen 17:15)
  14. H3117 – YWM – the name God calls the 12-hour time of Light = Day (Gen 1:5)
  15. H3220 – YM – the name God gives to water = Sea (Gen 1:10)
  16. H3308 – YPY – Beauty (Ps 50:2)
  17. H3313 – Yaw-fah – YPAh – Shine Forth Light (Deu 33:2)
  18. H3373 – Yaw-ray – Fear of God (Gen 22:12)
  19. H3389 – Yerushalaim = Jerusalem “The teaching of peace” (Jos 10:1)
  20. H3478 – Yisrael – Israel = He will rule as God (Gen 32:28)

Here are a few things we can learn from our short list of words beginning with the key letter “Yod”. God emphasizes this letter by beginning these words and names by choosing the letter Yod (His Hand) to be first. This fact of being first appears to indicate an emphasis upon them being “hand” selected names and words. In other words, God chose them specifically for a specific job or purpose. Many of God’s essential covenant names beginning with the Yod are very revealing to teach us about His caring and loving personal “Works of His Hands”.

We have learned before in other lessons, that the name of God “Jehovah” (LORD) is spelled Yod + Hey + Vav + Hey, and these letters mean “Behold the hand, Behold the nail” a clear prophecy for Jesus who was God and LORD, to be hung on a cross. Many of the names of God are related or describing His habitation as in “Jerusalem” begin with this letter Yod. It is also very interesting that God is called the God of Peace (Rom 16:20) and He lives in a city named Jerusalem meaning “founded on peace”.

We can remember that Jehovah God appears to Abraham and promises Him a “Seed” that will be as the stars of heaven (Gen 15:5). God promised this seed to come from Abram and Sarai. But they were very old and did not know how this could happen since Sarai had been barren from a young age. But we know nothing is impossible with God (Lk 1:37). God said it would happen and it did happen after God changed their names to Abraham and Sarah.

What happens when God changes their names is amazing. God took the two “Hey” letters from His name Jehovah and places one in Sarai’s name to become Sarah, and the other in Abram’s name to become “Abraham”. The name Sarah now meant “princes” and the named “Abraham” now meant “Father of many nations”. These two letters shifted from God’s names into Sarai and Abram, left the letters “Yod” and “Vav” in Jehovah. As we know these two remaining letters, represent the “hand” (Yod), and the “nail” (Vav). So, we can see who was receiving the nail in the hand was God, and who was supposed to “behold” Him being nailed through His hands, was the children (seed) of Abraham and Sarah. This is exactly what happens approximately 2000 years later with God personally appearing on the earth to be crucified.

Abraham and Sarah were 100 and 90 years old, respectively, when this promised lineage of Abraham’s “seed” began to be fulfilled. God instructed Abraham to call this first promised “seed” and son “Isaac”. Again, we can see the “work” of God to hand-select a man and his name (Gen 17:19). God says my covenant will come through him. The name “Isaac” begins with the letter “Yod”, and this cannot be a coincidence because we can see the works of God’s hand in it clearly.

Abraham goes and takes a wife for his son Isaac from his brethren. But this only occurred after God told Abraham to sacrifice his son. Within Biblical typology this story of Isaac represents a shadowed pattern of the coming work of God to sacrifice His Son Jesus on a cross and after being raised from the dead to take a wife for His Son called the church.

It was then Isaac that had two sons, like his God chosen father named Abraham. Remember God chose “Isaac” over the first-born son “Ishmael” because Isaac came through the correctly chosen older woman Sarah. Isaac had a son named “Esau” which was his first-born and then came out his twin brother named Jacob. Jacob is a very strange name meaning “heal catcher”, but he has the why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible hand of God letter “Yod beginning his name. So, we have a pattern developing where God hand-selected two younger brothers to create His covenant family, the founding fathers of “Israel” are named Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob is vav a w in hebrew 2:24).

But then do you remember the name that God gave to Jacob by an angel from heaven? Wasn’t this name “Israel”, and we know that it obviously came by the Spirit of God’s heavenly instructions (Gen 35:10). What happens when a wife marries a man? She usually takes His name. Many now believe this is the reason for this name change of Jacob. This appears to be the reason why God says over and over in the Bible, “the people that are called by my name” (2 Chr 7:14, Dan 9:19). Thus, Israel is the name of a “hand-selected” natural nation of people (Jer 31:32), but it is also the name of their covenant making God (Deu 28:10).

Many of the key men that were selected for use by God, begin with this letter “Yod” and this displays God’s “hand” of influence, guidance, assistance, and direction upon them. There are several other names that we did not cover, because of the length of this lesson, but please feel free to do some homework to study these on your own and share your findings with others in a comment. Let us look at a new name of God that is often overlooked next.

There are also many root words that have the “Yod” as the middle letter and this too is very significant. For example, another key name of God is found in Exodus 3:14 as the words “I AM”. which God responded to Moses when he asked Him, “Who do I say sent me?”. God speaking to Moses said, “Tell them I AM that I AM sent you”. Wow, this is an amazing word.

This word H1961 occurs over 3500 times in the Old Testament Hebrew. Here are just a few of the ways it was popularly translated; “be”, “came”, “come”, “been”, “become”, “became”, and “was”, to name a few. It is a powerful word that has been selected for creation in the term “Light Be, and Light was”. Both the words “Be and Was” is the Hebrew word H1961.

As you can see the Hebrew word H1961 is translated into many words but the name of God “I AM” is also this same Hebrew word and this name is of ultimate importance. Remember Jesus responded to the Jews when they spoke to Him by saying, “Before Abraham was, I AM” (Jn 8:58). Jesus was obviously admitting He was the God that spoke to Moses and existed a long time before Abraham. This highly offended the Jews and they wanted to kill Him for making claims like this.

The Hebrew word H1961translated as “I AM””, is spelled “Hey” + “Yod” + “Hey”. It is only missing the letter “Vav” (Nail) within the name of Jehovah to having the same letters. But notice the reoccurrence of two “Hey” letters that we just saw in the letters added to Abram and Sarai’s names. Here again we find the identical letters that in this word surround the hand of God. What God appears to be saying in this word is the following:

I WAS WHAT I WAS,
I AM WHAT I AM, and
I WILL BE WHAT I WILL BE

By God making this declaration with these three letters, He is claiming to be eternally existent with no beginning, and without end, amazingly all powerful and we can see this by the letter combinations and order of mention. The hand in the center represents God’s amazing power available right now in the present, and the two pairs of raised hands (Hey) on either side of God’s hand of power letter “Yod” are in amazement and wonder signifying before Him He always was in eternal past, and moving forward into eternity, He can be trusted and will always be there for us. In shortened form it says “Behold, the Hand, Behold”. The Hey letter is being emphasized to be amazed and to be standing in awe beholding the “Hand” of God at work.

Another key meaning of the “Yod” is as a suffix added to other Hebrew words. This addition makes the word “possessive”. For example, when the “Yod” is added to the end of the Hebrew word “EL” with the meaning of the shortened name of God, it becomes “My God”. This name is exactly what Jesus cried out on the cross saying “My God (ELI), My God (ELI) why has thou forsaken me”. As we are learning the usage of the letter “Yod” is very profound in the language.

Another key suffix occurs when the letters, “Yod” + “Mem” are added to masculine nouns and this addition causes them to be plural words. For example, adding “YM” to the end of, “cherub” meaning one angelic being, causes the word to become “cherubim” meaning many of these types of angels.

We could go on with this for a long time, but that was another quick introduction to some basic concepts and words that will help us as we continue to learn this awesome language and its hidden letter pictographic meanings and applications of truth.

Hand of God = Power of God

This will be a new section that describes the relationship between the Hand of God being a figurative representation of the Power of God.  This Hebrew word H3027 is translated as both “hand” and “power”. Let us begin with verses in the book of Joshua:

Jos 4:23  For the LORD your God dried up the waters of Jordan from before you, until ye were passed over, as the LORD your God did to the Red sea, which he dried up from before us, until we were gone over:

Jos 4:24  That all the people of the earth might know the hand of the LORD, that it is mighty: that ye might fear the LORD your God for ever.

Notice how Joshua is describing two mighty “works” of God by comparing the opening of the Red Sea to the opening of the Jordan River.  Next notice that Joshua calls both great works, examples of the “hand of the LORD’s” power on display. The Hebrew word translated as “hand” is again H3027 our spelled-out letter Yod word.

Finally, notice that Joshua is giving us one of the reasons for this work of God’s power (Yod), was for the people of the whole earth to know that His hand is “mighty”. When people see how strong God is, they should come to a point of “fearing” Him. In other words, if God can make a great body of waters divide and stand up as walls and the surface of the bottom to be instantly dry to be walked upon, how much easier would it be for this power to take anyone of us out as He did with Pharoah and all his army.

Too many Christian people in the world today have a very extreme attitude about God’s grace and a very casual attitude about His holiness and our need for the fear of His judgments. In most extreme Grace churches, there is an absence of the fear of God with an implied belief that there is nothing anyone can ever do today, to be judged by an all knowing and all-powerful holy God. But this is not true whatsoever. Please do not forget what happened in Acts 5 with Ananias and Sapphira. Please go and read this chapter and know these two people were saved Christians that both fell dead in a church service. If you believe this cannot happen today, please become aware that it can and that it will!

Also remember what Jesus said in Matthew 7:1, “Judge not and you will not be judged”. Uh oh! Jesus just gave us “one” condition of an implied many, that judgement could still come life is struggle vava us. These words confirm we can still be judged in the church age of Grace. We know this is true, because it is the covenant maker, the head of the church body, that why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible doing the speaking.

Paul confirms this in 1 Corinthians 11:32 writing, “For if we would judge ourselves, we would not be judged”. Uh oh, again! But these words are easily misunderstood. This does not mean Christians why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible themselves with human moral standards or popular worldly values of the current majority opinion. No! Christians must judge themselves with God’s standards of moral character as written in the Bible. Following His laws and His commandment does not save us by our works, but it does keep us from being judged and giving Satan legal access to steal, kill and destroy us (Jn 10:10, 1 Pet 5:8).

It is very interesting how God teaches us about His works using physical featured descriptions that possibly help us to learn about how much power was used to accomplish a specific named work. We just saw one example of this work and power analogy being described as “the hand of the LORD” in Joshua in dividing the Red Sea. Hopefully, this is already a familiar subject to us all. For example, the “Yod” is a picture of the entire extended arm including hand and fingers. Each of these named components displayed represent an increasing or decreasing amount of power that can be used by God to accomplish a specific goal.

For example, someone’s little finger cannot do as much work as one of their larger and stronger fingers, like the index finger. But also, two fingers, three fingers, four fingers and all the fingers combined with the thumb can do more as increasing numbers are joined in unison. These all working together provide more strength and power and can do so much more together. This is an excellent time to understand again, that the number value of the “Yod” is 10. How many fingers does a normal human have? Yes, it is still 10. Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible is not a coincidence that God ordered this letter at this position in the alphabet. Everything in the written Word is intelligently designed this way.

Now think about what it would mean if God used His entire hand in some works, verses just one finger in other works. Then imagine what it means if some works of God required Him to use His entire arm to accomplish it. Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible then there are other verses that claim God used two hands to do some works. Other possible greater works could occur when God uses two arms and two hands. This is an amazing concept because it teaches us some enemies, tasks and objectives are greater than others, and some works are so small or minor that they do not require but a small amount of divine power to accomplish. Let us look at this concept further.

Exo 8:19  Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.

In the third plague of God upon Egypt, the LORD causes lice to manifest upon man and beast. The Egyptian magicians called this work “the finger of God”. This means that they believed this plague to be only a very small and minor thing for God to do to them. But it implies about the God of Moses, if He could do this, He has a lot more power that could do an extraordinary amount of other work from His unused greater power. In why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible words, this was a warning message to Pharoah, that this was a little power display of God, and we have not seen the worst yet.

Exo 31:18  And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God.

While Moses was up on Mt. Sinai, God gives Him two tablets that were inscribed with the “10” commandments. Uh oh! There is the number 10 again. This simply means these are the “10” laws of “Jehovah” that are critical. But notice that God only needed His finger to inscribe this law upon tablets of stone. Who is our “cornerstone” that kept these laws for us? We should know it is Jesus Christ (Ps 118:22). What we are observing, is that this act of God was considered a very minor display of His power. However, it also implies again that there are greater power displays that could occur if the law was disobeyed. Let us look at another example of the finger of God vav hvac design the book of Daniel:

Dan 5:5  In the same hour came forth fingers of a man’s hand, and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaister of the wall of the king’s palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote.
Dan 5:6  Then the king’s countenance was changed, and his thoughts troubled him, so that the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote one against another.

This is an amazing comparison to the attitude of too many modern churches. God has written an entire book of things, and this king only saw Him write one phrase and he was shaken so much that it caused him to have a bowel movement because of his fear of God.

This is just another example, of how two men’s view of the finger of God can be different. The Pharaoh of Egypt was hard hearted and ignored the finger works of God, but the king of Vav computer case reviews had a different more respectful attitude. That vava zero waste an amazing example for the church today, because in Daniel chapter 4 even Nebuchadnezzar concluded that God is powerful and is the judge of people and He can bring down proud people vavada inscription only a minor effort. Let us move to Jesus in the Gospels next:

Luk 11:20  But if I with the finger of Vav ecmo for north-south syndrome cast out devils, no doubt the kingdom of God is come upon you.

Notice what Jesus said to the Jewish people of that day? This is a very profound revelation. Jesus had just cast out a demon that caused a man to be “dumb”. Jesus after being accused of casting out this demon through “Beelzebub” says very clearly, He had just done this working with the “finger of God”. Wow, that is amazing information.

Too many people think their enemy the devil has such great powers over them, and they do not realize how big God is. We are no match for the devil in our own human strength, but a real Christian is never alone, why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible we are not without God’s power being available to help us. In fact, 1 John 4:4 says, “We have overcome them (the devil), because greater is He that is in us than he that is in the world”. If it only takes a flick of the finger of God to get the devil out and on the run, that does not take a huge amount of faith or power. Praise the LORD! Now let us move to some of the greater works of What is the difference between vav and fcu 53:1  Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the LORD revealed?

There is given to us in this verse a new revelation of the greater why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible and power of God expressed with the usage of the phrase “the arm of the LORD”. This verse is written to the church because this chapter describes Jesus our LORD, and this verse is quoted in Romans 10. God is declaring to us that He does not share or make known His greatest works or power to people who DO NOT BELIEVE! Wow, this sounds important!

Remember that Isaiah 53 is the description of the “redemptive” works of God and these works required the much mightier power of the “arm of God” to accomplish. Let us look at verses in Ephesians that also describe what happened as a mighty work:

Eph 1:19  And what is the exceeding greatness of his power to us-ward who believe, according to the working of his mighty power,

Eph 1:20  Which he wrought in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places,

We will only cover this one great and probably the most significant work of God, briefly in this lesson. There are a select few works that God describes His having required God’s greatest and mightiest displayed power. This one mentioned in Ephesians is one of the most significant things that is revealed to us. In the previous verses 17 and 18, Paul is praying that God will give to the Church at Ephesus, the spirit of wisdom and revelation to know Him (Jesus) and for their eyes of vava suresh new phone number understanding to be opened so that they might comprehend what God has done for them in Christ.

This is truly an amazing prayer and one that every Christian needs. Too many Christians do not have a clue what extent that God went through to save them from an eternal separation from Himself. When we begin to see a little of this revelation, we will want and desire to know more that was freely given to us. But we will also begin to see that it took God’s strong extended arms and hands to accomplish this for us. Here is a short list of some of the things that were accomplished in the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

  1. Jesus saved us by giving us freely the gift of salvation through faith (2 Tim 1:9, Eph 2:8)
  2. God gave to us His vav control enclosure as a gift (Rom 5:17, Isa 54:17)
  3. Jesus reconciled us to God in Christ (2 Cor 5:18)
  4. God now resides on the inside of our body to help, guide, teach and cause us to overcome our enemy why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible 14:17, Jn 16:13, Gal 3:14)
  5. God delivered us from the authority of darkness (Col 1:13)
  6. Placed us into the Kingdom of God in Jesus (Col 1:13)
  7. Made us a part of His New Creation in Christ causing everything old to pass completely away (2 Cor 5:17)
  8. He has given to us all things that pertains to life and godliness in Christ (2 Pet why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible has given to us His authority (Luke 10:19, Mat 28:18-19)
  9. Through the works of God in Christ, we can reign in this life as God’s Kingdom representative (Rom 5:17)

This was only a short list of some of the amazing accomplishments God performed with His “Hand” and “Arm” in Christ for us and for our benefit to bless us. There are literally many other things that God did in Jesus for us that need to be learned and embraced by Christians.

So, we have seen that God says there are varying degrees of His power that can be used depending upon the yod vav that we are facing in life. According to Ephesians 3;20 God says, “He can do exceedingly abundantly more than we can imagine, ask or think about, but only according to the power (Hand of God) that we life is struggle vava to work in us”. That was a paraphrase of the verse, but it conveys the intent of the verse’s dashcam vava vs. This statement appears to say to us that we are limiting God’s ability to do things to us, for us, or with us unless we allow His power inside of us to be released. How do you do this? The answer is found in 2 Corinthians 4:13, “We, having the same spirit of faith, as it is written, I believed and therefore I have spoken, we also believe and therefore, speak”.

What are you saying today? Is it death and defeat, or is it the Words of God that gave us His victory?  Whatever you are agreeing with, is what will be accomplished in you. There is so much more to learn why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible human cooperation to release God’s fuller power, but this introduced the topic to you enough for you to go and study it more.

YOD the Hand of God in Creation

We will begin this section of our study with a verse found in Psalm 119. Hopefully, you already know this Psalm is an Alphabet revelation of information. Each set of 8 verses begin with the same letter in alphabetic order beginning in verses 1 through 8 why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible the “Alef” and ending in verses 169 through 176 with the last letter “Tav”. Eight verses each, times 22 letters in the alphabet equals 176 total verses. We will only focus upon verse 119 to begin:

Psa 119:73  JOD. Thy hands have made me and fashioned me: give me understanding, that I may learn thy commandments.

As you can see in this verse, it contains our key word “H3027” (Yod) translated as “hands” in this verse. God has just confirmed to us that it was the “hands” (Yod) of our God that formed the human body during creation events described by the book of Genesis. This is significant because it displays this was a greater work of Jehovah God, than His finger works we looked at in a previous section. Let us look at another verse about God’s works in creation:

Psa 102:25  Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth: and the heavens are the work of thy hands.

This verse has both an indirect reference and a direct reference to the “Hands” of God. First, know the word translated as “hands” at the end of the verse is our key study word H3027. This confirms we are on target with the alphabet letter “Yod”.

The verse begins by speaking of God “laying” the foundations of the earth. This is our first indirect reference to the working hand of God in creation. While this word “laying the foundation” does not directly state it was performed by His hands, it is implied because of our knowledge of how we would lay down something or take up something. We know logically that someone would lay something down with their extended arm and hand after first picking it up and then moving it by extending their arm to lay it down.

But that is not the only way we know this is what is happening. The Hebrew word H3245 that is translated as “laid the foundation”, is the word “Yawsad” and it begins with the letter “Yod”. This word is defined by Strong as “to set” or why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible found”.  One ancient Hebrew dictionary defines this word as “to lay a foundation of a house, place, or plan”. That sounds like the work of someone that is using their hands to build something brand new. That is exactly what God’s creation was, and it involved His hands (power).

Then the verse ends with an amazing confirmation. Notice the beginning of the verse was only about one planet where man lives, but the rest of the universe is of the same types of works but on a much larger scale. God is simply saying to us these were the works of my hands and it took more power than just a finger to accomplish it. In fact, it is implied that it took both hands and 10 fingers to create our world and universe. That is a significant amount of divine power that was extended, yet it is by far less power than what was available in reserve that was not utilized. Can we agree?

But we are missing something that is hidden in this verse of Psalm 102:25. In actuality, we are missing a lot of things that have been hidden in this single verse, but we will only focus upon one that why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible significant to our current study subject of the hand of God in creation. The verse begins with the Hebrew word “H6440” (Paniym) that was translated as “of old”. That is a potential correct translation but only from a single viewpoint of being from God in the past.

You see, the Hebrew word H6440 (Paniym) is also translated as “face”. This word literally means from the “face” and the verse could have said “your face has laid the foundation” of the earth. This word Paniym is spelled “Peh” + “Nun” + “Yod” + “Mem”. This is a fascinating word that has the Peh = mouth added together with the Nun = Seed and ends with the “Yod” + “Mem” to make it plural so it means multiple or many “mouth seeds” laid the foundation of our universe and planet. Wow, that is exactly how our universe was created.

God spoke selective words that would create His thoughts and plans, and the why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible things we can see, taste, touch, smell and feel came to be. We know this by reading Mark 4 and the parable of the Sower. In this parable God’s Words were the “seeds” that were sown into the hearts of humans to save them. Therefore, the mouth of God that could create us, is the same mouth that can save us. If you do not think this is amazingly important, we need to pray for you. 😊

What we are learning is essential. We are beginning to see that there is a hand and mouth of God connection. When the Bible says “the hand” of God has done something to create or make, God is teaching us that in the spiritual realm this is performed by “speaking” words of power. Let us keep learning more to confirm this:

Isa 45:12  I have made the earth, and created man upon it: I, even my hands, have stretched out the heavens, and all their host have I commanded.

This will be our last verse for this section. We are just not able to cover this topic in the fullest depth today. But notice we have just reaffirmed by the Word of God written by Isaiah, that God utilized his hands to stretch out the universe, create an inhabitable planet, and to make a man to live upon it. Remember that modern scientists can only estimate the vastness of our universe. It is expanding faster and faster by the moment, and it is currently estimated that when we look in one direction to the edge of our universe that it can be up to around 46 billion light years away.

But found in this verse, we can begin to confirm a new relationship being made between “the work of God’s hands” and how they are connected to “His spoken words to command”, that cause things to happen, change or come to be.  This is so important that we will continue with this again as the subject of our next section.

The Mouth of God Activates the Hand of God

This is now a brand-new subject that most Christians do not have a clue to know what we are learning today. This however will be a very powerful section of the lesson and it will help us to understand a lot about the spiritual things of God.

Have you ever volume booster pro apk vava Genesis 1? This is God’s description of His creation of our present world, and how it was accomplished. Ten times it is written “and God said”. Uh oh? What is the value of the “hand” Yod alphabet letter? You’re right, it is 10. What did we just read about in the previous section about creation? We read multiple times that God created man, earth, and the universe with His “hands”. Vava e mari alexandre you see the connections again?

Genesis 1 why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible God speaking commands and natural things changing. For example, the world was dark in verse 2 and God said, “Let there be light” and then “light was” in verse 3. So, we are beginning to learn and confirm creation took place by both the hands of God and the mouth of God. Either these are two completely different things, or they are the same thing only using different figurative analogies to describe the action and works of God. I believe it is the second why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible we will soon confirm this further. For example, look at this next verse very carefully:

Rev 1:16  And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength.

Judgment is one of the central themes of the book of Revelation. As you can see in this verse it came from the book of Revelation and is written about the LORD JESUS CHRIST. But more specifically this verse describes the “mouth” of God again using the symbolic why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible of it being a “sharp two-edged sword”. What is this describing? Let us find the answers in Bible.

But first, notice again that this verse describes Jesus as having a sharp two-edged sword coming out of His mouth! Wow that is an amazing connecting (Vav=Nail) topic to our study subject about God’s hand. How does God or any created being, whether angelic or human wield a sword as a weapon or a tool? Uh oh? The correct answer is they “hold” the sword, “in” or “with” their “HAND” (YOD). A sword without a hand is powerless. Therefore, the power of the sword is coming from the “Hand” that is holding it.

Here we begin to see one of our first confirming connectors to the mouth of God being the same as the hand of God that is holding a sharp two-edged sword. However, what does this symbology represent? We can obtain the definition of what this symbolic sword represents by reading in Hebrews 4:

Heb 4:12  For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged vava air fryer, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and vavidas, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart.

Did you see our “hand to mouth” connection being expressed again? God says, “His spoken Words are alive and powerful (Yod), and they are sharper than any other two-edged sword”. This is very amazing information. Remember “Yod” is the representation of the extended “hand”, and it also represents “power” that the hand possesses. Now connect this back to this verse in Hebrews.

We can see the Word of God that comes out of God’s mouth (Peh) as being described as “very powerful” and being figuratively compared to an exceedingly sharp two-edged sword. We just answered the question, “How does one hold a sword in their mouth?” And we found the correct answer is still with their “HAND”. Therefore, the mouth of God with powerful Words coming out of it are potential “piercing” weapons that have great ability to overcome all other mouths with their words that attempt to fight against His Words. God makes this connection between words as powerful weapons in in many verses of the Bible. But we will only focus on a few. For example, notice Ephesians 6:

Eph 6:17  And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God:

In this context God is telling Christians to put on His whole armor. The only key offensive weapon against our spiritual enemy (Satan) is the “Sword of the Spirit”. This is amazing. God is teaching us as His children, we better be saying what He said in His Word. In fact, this is exactly how we get saved. In Romans 10:9-10 God says, “If we confess with our mouth, the LORD Jesus, and believe in our heart that God raised Him from the dead, we will be saved”. Therefore, it is our believing and speaking that God uses to take us out of the darkness of Satan into the Kingdom of Light.

The Greek word G3670 that is translated as “confess” in Romans 10:9, is a compound word of G3674 and G3056. The Greek word G3674 means life is struggle vava same” as in identical. And then the Greek word G3056 means “words” and placing these two words together we are instructed to say the same things God says. Wow!

This is becoming an essential topic of becoming a Christian and operating later in God’s Kingdom authority as a Christian. When we say what God says, we become it. We also agree with Him, and we are not acting like His enemy. When we say what the world says being influenced by Satan, we have just become an enemy of God (Jas 4:4). Therefore, does it matter what we say? Do you see how this works when we are told how to overcome the devil now?

When we place God’s words in our mouth, we are fighting against the enemy and resisting the devil (Eph 6:12, James 4:7) by acting like Jesus during His forty days fast in the wilderness. Every time Satan came to Jesus to tempt or test Him, Jesus’ response was to say, “It is WRITTEN” (Mat 4:4) and quote the verse. This action of placing God’s Word in His mouth cut the devil every time He spoke, and Satan got tired of this pain and left Him. Let us end this section with one more verse:

Pro 18:21  Death and life are in the power of the tongue: and they that love it shall eat the fruit thereof.

Ok, what a strange verse, and some may wonder why it was selected by the Holy Spirit to be here in this lesson about the “hand” and the mouth connection. But this verse has much more to do with our subject than you know. For example, notice the beginning antithesis word selected by God as “death” and “life”. Weren’t these the two trees that were placed in the midst of the Garden by God? Isn’t this the choice He gave to Adam and told him not to eat from the tree that would cause him death? Uh vavo natuurkunde, it is all true. We are finding some very essential realities being taught here. Humans today still have the power to eat from two trees, the first one called the “knowledge of good, and evil”, will still kill you. The other one called the “Tree of Life” will cause you to live forever. What God is teaching us today, is this fact of basic truth, if we choose to speak what God says, we will live forever, and if we choose to speak what Satan says, we will certainly die. But let us go back and see why we selected this verse about a tongue having control of life or death is included in this section.

If you look up the Hebrew word that is translated as “POWER” in Proverbs 18:21, guess what word you find? Hopefully the Spirit of God has already witnessed that this word is our Hebrew word H3027 that is primarily translated as “hand”. Translators may have been very confused to how to change this word into a message that English readers would best understand and chose to make it “power”. But in doing this they possibly hid the true God intended meaning of the Word. Yes, this word does apply to someone having “power”, but only in the connected based context of the “hand” information about pet vav is wielding the power.

So let us see this verse in a literal translation of the words, it would say, “Death and life are in the hand of the tongue”. Now do you see that the “Sword” that comes out of a mouth, comes from the words that are produced and released by the speaking tongue? With your tongue you have the power to “kill” others with words containing lies, slander, hurt, deceits, untruths, which are all the words of Satan. But conversely, we can give someone “life” through words of God extending His Words of love, truth, encouragement, edification, blessings, etc.

This knowledge now takes us back, to help us better understand God’s words. In Genesis 1, God spoke words of good to bless humans and to plant seeds for a coming future fruit harvest. But in the book of Revelation, we see words of a sharp sword coming out of His mouth to bring judgments for those that ignored His blessing.

If you will get a hold of this truth, and not let go or let it slip out of your hand/mouth, you vav tickets los angeles change the world with God’s Word.

CONCLUSION

We have only barely touched this subject of the “Yod” hand of God and how it represents our Lord, Savior, and God, Jesus in this lesson. There could be many more volumes written on this single letter subject. We have not covered, the spoken words of Jesus in-depth that shows Him extending His spiritual hands of power to save people. We have not covered the many times that Jesus extended His physical hands and laid them on people to bless or heal them. In today’s conclusion let us end by looking at just a few scriptures about the hands of Jesus and His works:

  1. Mat 4:17 – Jesus begins to preach “The Kingdom of God is at Hand”.
  2. Mat 8:3 – Jesus puts forth His hand and touches a leper and makes him clean.
  3. Mat 8:15 – Jesus touches Peter’s mother-in-law’s hand and her fever left her.
  4. Mat 9:25 – Jesus takes a dead maiden by the hand and raises her back to life.
  5. Mat 14:31 – Jesus stretches forth His hand to save Peter from sinking into the water.
  6. Mat 19:13 – People bring their little children to Jesus for Him to lay His hands on them and bless them.
  7. Mat 27:35 – Jesus is crucified on the cross made from a tree being hung by nails through His stretched out “hands”.
  8. Mar 6:2 – People begin to marvel at the mighty works done by His hands.
  9. Mar 7:32 – People ask Jesus to touch a deaf and mute man with His hands to heal him.
  10. Mar 8:23 – Jesus takes a blind man out of a city and spit on his eyes and then touched them.
  11. Luke 4:40 – People brought the sick to Jesus and He laid His hands upon all of them, and they were healed.
  12. Luke 24:39 – Jesus appears to His disciples after crucifixion and tells them, “Behold my hands and my feet”.

What is the church’s role in being used by the “hand” of God in the last days? This is a very important part of this subject, but it also is unable to be covered fully in this lesson. Why is it so essential? It is critical to know, because of who the church is in prophecy. This was another hidden mystery in scriptures, but it is being released for us to know in these moments before the why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible of Christ to catch us up to be with Him.

Who is the church?  In Romans 12:5 God uses a reference of a natural human body to reveal who we are in the spiritual realm. In this verse God teaches through the revelation given to Paul, that every believer is like one cell in a greater body named Christ. The church is informed that we are all individuals but simultaneously we are combined joined members to the body of Christ. Like some cells in our body die, they are replaced with new cells. Like a newborn baby child has certain number of cells, this total cell count grows as their body increases in size. So, it is with the church.

Therefore, if we are His body on the physical earth right now, we represent His hands that are being used to save, heal, teach, and spread the Gospel. That makes us all an incredible part of His mission for the end time revival and awakening of the planet before the tribulation. So vavada kayıt bonusu do we see this beginning in the early church body as recorded in God’s Word?

We can find in John 20:22 the beginning of the church occurs with the disciples that were left after the resurrection. Jesus appears to them and breathes upon them and says, “Receive the Holy Ghost”. This was the beginning of the body of Christ on the earth. Then right before the ascension of Jesus, He tells them to wait in Jerusalem until they be endued with power from on high (Acts 1:8). So, the disciples gather the faithful to wait in Jerusalem and there were 120 meeting together in one accord, when the Spirit of God was poured out (Acts 2:2-4).

Immediately after being filled with the Holy Ghost, Peter preaches a message about what is being witnessed by around 3000 people outside where they were gathered. These 3000 that heard the message and believed were then added to the church that day. Do you see the rapid increase and growth in the body? This growth continued but at the same time Satan influenced people to fight against this growth, because he understood now why it was such a huge mistake to have crucified the single God/man Jesus (1 Cor 2:8). Now instead of one man with the Holy Ghost, Satan had thousands that would soon grow to millions of people filled with God’s power. What evidence does God reveal to us about the church being God’s hands upon the earth, let us find out quickly.

We can find in the book of Acts, where the Apostles and even the disciples of Jesus laid their hands upon people to cast out devils and deliver them from sicknesses, diseases, or even to give to them the gift of the Holy Spirit. Here is a short list of verses about God’s spiritual Hand working through the Church body of Christ:

  1. Acts 3:7 – Peter took a lame man by the hand, and he was healed by faith in the name of Jesus.
  2. Acts 4:30 – The apostles pray for boldness to preach the Gospel and for God’s hand to be continued to be stretched forth to heal.
  3. Acts 5:12 – God continues to answer their prayer to perform many signs, wonders, and miracles through their hands.
  4. Acts 6:6-7 – The word of God increased in the area, after the apostles laid their hands upon men that were chosen to serve.
  5. Acts 8:17 – Peter and John lay their hands upon new believers in the Word of God, and they received the Holy Spirit.
  6. Acts 9:12 – Jesus instructs Ananias to go and lay hands on Saul to receive his sight.
  7. Act 11:21 – Informs us that the “Hand of the LORD” was with them as they ministered.
  8. Acts 14:12 – More signs, and wonders done by the hands of the church.
  9. Acts 19:6 – Men are filled with the Holy Spirit by the laying on of hands of Paul.
  10. Acts 19:11 – God works special miracles by the hands of Paul.
  11. Acts 28:8 – Paul lays his hands on a sick man, and he is healed.

These are just some of the major examples of great works of God’s hands flowing through human hands on the earth. It is very clear to see that “Hands” are still a key part of the church’s life. We can read in Hebrew 6:2 about the “doctrine of the laying on of hands” as thermostat for obsolete vav system a fundamental truth for the church. Furthermore, in Hebrews 10:31, the church is warned that it is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. This subject of “hands” is interwoven throughout the New Covenant, and it is an essential teaching.

It is highly recommended that you go and vav html5 the Gospels and notice how much Jesus utilized His “Words” to heal and His “Hands” working together to heal. Both were clear applications of the letter “Yod” bring forth God’s power upon the earth.

Thank you for reading and studying the Bible with us. We love and pray for you all, and appreciate your love, prayers, testimonies, and comments.  God bless you until the next time we meet to study the Words of the Living God, God be willing, and He does not return for us before then. Please agree that based upon the world’s increasing levels of great darkness the eminent return of Jesus could be at any second, but until then we WIN and stand in victory with the devil under our feet.

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Yehovah, this latecomer in the rendering of our Creator’s Name, has gained why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible within the Messianic and Hebrew Roots communities. However, there are serious linguistic flaws with this pronunciation.

Before discussing those, however, it’s important to understand the premise of those who advocate “Yehovah.” This rendering is based on late medieval Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament that show the four letters yod-hey-waw-hey [hwhy] with the vowel points from Adonai.

Within these manuscripts or codices there are several instances where the vowel points for “Yehovah” (English, “Jehovah”) are found. Based on this fact, it is theorized that the scribes who produced these manuscripts accidentally preserved the name “Yehovah” by not removing the vowel points. There are serious flaws with this hypothesis and logic as you will soon see.

Scribal Error?

For those who believe this was a scribal error, it’s important to realize that Jewish scribes were ultra-meticulous. After copying a text, scribes would painstakingly review the script for any errors. The thought that a scribe would overlook numerous instances of the same mistake is unthinkable. According to the Jewish Talmud, there were 20 steps a scribe would go through to ensure textual accuracy. Below are some of these steps:

  • The scribe must be a learned, pious Jew, who has undergone special training and certification.
  • All materials (parchment, ink, quill) must conform to strict specifications, and be prepared specifically for the purpose of writing a Torah scroll.
  • The scribe must pronounce every word out loud before copying it from the correct text.
  • The scribe may not write even life is struggle vava letter into a Torah scroll by heart. Rather, he must have a second, kosher scroll opened before him at all times.
  • A Torah scroll is disqualified if even a single letter is added.
  • A Torah scroll is disqualified if even a single letter is deleted.
  • Every letter must have sufficient white space surrounding it. If one letter touches another in any spot, it invalidates the entire scroll.
  • If a single letter is so marred that it cannot be read at all, or resembles another letter (whether the defect is in the writing, or the result of a hole, tear or smudge), the entire scroll is invalidated.
  • Each letter must be sufficiently legible so that even an ordinary schoolchild could distinguish it from other, similar letters.
  • The scribe must put precise space between words, so that one word will not look like two words, or two words look like one word.
  • The scribe must not alter the design of the sections, and must conform to particular line-lengths and paragraph configurations.
  • A Torah Scroll in which any mistake has been found cannot be used, and a decision regarding its restoration must be made within 30 days, or it must be buried.

Considering these extraordinary measures, it is unfathomable that a scribe would leave the same mistake multiple times in a Hebrew manuscript of the Old Testament. The logic that “Yehovah” arose due to Jewish scribal mistakes is seriously flawed. No scholar would accept this explanation.

Written One Way, Read Another

So how do we explain the instances where the vowel points for “Yehovah” are found in these ancient Hebrew codices? According to biblical scholars, following a Jewish tradition beginning after the 6th century BCE, The Masoretes, i.e., Jewish scribes from the 6-10th centuries CE, used an orthographic device known as Qere / Ketiv to conceal the name. Qere means, “what is read,” and ketiv means, “what is written.” It is found in existing Masoretic manuscripts dating to the 9th and 10th centuries, CE. There are several forms of Qere / Ketiv, including: ordinary, vowel, omitted, added, euphemistic, split, and qere perpetuum.

The ketiv that is most relevant is the vowel qere. In this this case, the consonants are unchanged, but different vowel signs are added and only the qere, i.e., what is read, is vocalized. The most notable example of this is with the Tetragrammaton or the four letters of the divine name. To ensure that the name was not pronounced, Masoretic Jewish scribes left the Hebrew consonants, but added the vowel points from Adonai, and on occasions Elohim. Following the Qere / Ketiv, the reader was to read Adonai or Elohim, depending on the vowel points used. It was never the intent of the scribes that the reader pronounce the vowel points with the consonants. Not realizing this, early translators of the Hebrew Bible transliterated the Tetragrammaton as “Jehovah.” Once scholarship realized that this was never the intent of the Hebrew text, they noted the mistake. Today, there are some who why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible don’t understand the Qere / Ketiv system or who are actively trying to mislead people by insisting that the pronunciation is Yehovah. However, as nearly all Hebrew scholars acknowledge, this name arose through a deliberate modification in the Hebrew text following a tradition of not pronouncing the Tetragrammaton, as noted by the below references.

“After the Babylonian Exile (6th century BCE), and especially from the 3rd century bce on, Jews ceased to use the name Yahweh for two reasons. As Judaism became a universal rather than merely local religion, the more common noun Elohim, meaning ‘God,’ tended to replace Yahweh to demonstrate the universal sovereignty of Israel’s God over all others. At the same time, the divine name was increasingly regarded as too sacred to be uttered; it was thus replaced vocally in the synagogue ritual by the Hebrew word Adonai (‘My Lord’), which was translated as Kyrios (‘Lord’) in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures,” Encyclopedia Britannica.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia (1901 version) and the Babylonian Talmud, after the death of Simeon the Just, 290 BCE, the Jews stopped pronouncing the Holy Name. The Babylonian Talmud states, “Tosaf Sotah 38a suggests that the Ineffable Name could be pronounced only when there was some indication that the Shechinah rested on the Sanctuary. When Simeon the Righteous died, with many indications that such glory was no more enjoyed, his brethren no more dared utter the Ineffable Name,” Yoma 39b, footnote, p. 186.

As confirmed by theJewish Talmud, hundreds of years before the birth of Yahshua the Messiah the Jews stopped pronouncing the divine Name and began concealing it by reading the vowel points from Adonai into the Tetragrammaton. The motivation behind this practice was not from irreverence but through a strong veneration for the Name. They were afraid that if it were pronounced, someone might misuse or blaspheme the Name. Part of this hesitation doubtless arose from their time in Babylon. While their reasoning was admirable, it is against the clear teachings of Scripture.

The Bible confirms the use of the Divine name in both the Old and New testaments, e.g. Genesis 12:8; 13:4; Exodus 3:15; Acts 2:21; and Romans 10:13. Clearly, our Heavenly Father’s Name was used by all believers. Additionally, the Bible states we’re to bless (Psalm 145:21), call (Psalm 80:18; 99:6; Isaiah 12:4), confess (2Chonicles 6:24-25; 1Kings 8:35-36), declare (Exodus 9:16; Psalm 22:22; John 17:26; Romans 9:17; Hebrews 2:12), exalt (Psalm 34:3); glorify (Psalm 86:9, 12), honor (Psalm 66:2), magnify (2Samuel 7:26), praise (2Samuel 22:50; Psalm 69:30), remember (Exodus 3:15; Psalm 45:17), sing (Psalm 68:4), and trust (Isaiah 50:10) in His Name.

Scholarship Explains “Yehovah”

 

The decision to hide or replace the Tetragrammaton with the invalid vowel points from Adonai is what led to “Yehovah” (“Jehovah” in English). Except for a few outliers, nearly all scholarship confirms this basic fact. Consider the following:

“In the early Middle Ages, when the consonantal text of the Bible was supplied with vowel points to facilitate its correct traditional reading, the vowel points for Adonai with one variation – a sheva (short ‘e’) with the first yod [Y] of YHWH instead of the hataf-patah (short ‘a’) under the aleph of Adonai – was used for YHWH, thus producing the form YeHoWaH. When Christian scholars of Europe first began to study Hebrew they did not understand what this really meant, and they introduced the hybrid name ‘Jehovah’” (Encyclopedia Judaica, vol. 7, p. 680).

“The Tetragrammaton or Four-Lettered Name…which occurs 6,823 times, is by far the most frequent name of God in the Bible. It is now pronounced ‘adonai; vav ecmo for north-south syndrome the church father Theodoret records that the Samaritans pronounced it as (Iabe), and Origen transcribes it as (Iae), both pointing to an original vocalization yahveh [The waw yields a ‘w’ sound, not a ‘v’]” (The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 5, p. 6).

“Jehovah, modern form of the Hebrew sacred name of God, probably originally ‘Yahweh.’ From c.300 B.C. the Jews, from motives of piety, uttered the name of God very rarely and eventually not at all, but substituted the title ‘Adonai,’ meaning ‘Lord,’ the vowels of which were written under the consonants of ‘Yahweh.’ In the Middle Ages and later, the vowels of one word with the consonants of the other were misread as Jehovah” (The Collegiate Encyclopedia, vol. 9, p. 580).

“Jehovah….What has been said explains the so-called qeri perpetuum, according to which the consonants of Jehovah are always accompanied in the Hebrew text by the vowels of Adonai except in the cases in which Adonai stands in apposition to Jehovah: in these cases the vowels of Elohim are substituted. The use of a simple shewa in the first syllable of Jehovah, instead of the compound shewa in the corresponding syllable of Adonai and Elohim, is required by the rules of Hebrew grammar governing the use of Shewa” (The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. VIII, p. 329).

“Jehovah, an erroneous pronunciation of the name why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible the God of Israel in the Bible, due to pronouncing the vowels of the term ‘Adonay,’ the marginal Masoretic reading with the consonants of the text-reading ‘Yahweh,’ which was not uttered to avoid the profanation of the divine name of magical or other blasphemous purposes. Hence the substitution of ‘Adonay,’ the ‘Lord,’ or ‘Adonay Elohim,’ ‘Lord God.’ The oldest Greek versions use the term ‘Kurios,’ ‘Lord,’ the exact translation of the current Jewish substitute heating plants for vav system the original Tetragrammaton Yahweh. The reading ‘Jehovah’ can be traced to the early Middle Ages and until lately was said to have been invented by Peter Gallatin (1518), confessor of Pope Leo X. Recent writers, however, trace it to an earlier date; it is found in Raymond Martin’s Pugeo Fidei (1270)” (Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 16, p. 8.).

“The personal name of the [El] of the Israelites …The Masoretes, Jewish biblical scholars of the Middle Ages, replaced the vowel signs that had appeared above or beneath the consonants of YHWH with the vowel signs of Adonai or of Elohim. Thus the artificial name Jehovah (YeHoWaH) came into being” (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Yahweh, Micropedia, vol. 10).

“In the Hebrew Bible the Jews wrote the consonants of the Tetragrammaton as YHWH, but out of reverence for the sacred name of God (or out of fear of violating Exod. 20:7; Lev. 24:16), they vocalized and pronounced it as Adonai or occasionally as Elohim.  It is unfortunate, then, that the name was transliterated into German and ultimately into English as Jehovah (which is the way the name is represented in the American Standard Version of 1901), for this conflate form represents the vowels of Adonai superimposed on the consonants of Yahweh, and it was never intended by the Jews to be read as Yehowah (or Jehovah)” (The Making of a Contemporary Translation, p. 107).

“Jehovah in that form was unknown to the ancient Israelites.  In fact, Hebrew scholars say that Jehovah would have been impossible according to the strict principles of Hebrew vocalization.  The God of Israel was known by a name approximately rendered into English as Yahweh,” (A Book About the Bible, George Stimpson, p. 247).

“Although the meaning of the name remains subject to debate, Yahweh is most likely a verbal form of Heb. haya (perhaps originally hwy)…Because of the utmost sanctity ascribed to the name, Jews from postexilic times on have declined to pronounce it in public reading, and only the consonants were written (YHWH; the Dead Sea Scrolls use the archaic, ‘paleo-Hebrew’ script).  Although the original pronunciation was thus eventually lost, inscriptional evidence favors yahwae or yahwe.  The why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible is represented in the MT by the consonants with the vowel pointing for ‘adonay ‘Lord.’  From this show champion ep.327 vav ca, the sixteenth century the form ‘Jehovah’ (yehowah).  In modern usage pious Jews often substitute the expression has-sem ‘the Name,” (The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary, Allen C. Myers, Ed., “Yahweh,” p. 1075).

“The scribes reasoned that if they did not point the name Yahweh then it could never be treated lightly since his name would not really be known.  Initially the real pointing was probably passed along by tradition, but in time it was lost.  In Exodus 20:7 the name Lord is written in capital letters according to the convention of signifying the name Constant volume dual deck multizone conversion to vav, but the name as it appears in the Hebrew text is hwhy (yehowa), in which appear the consonants from the name Yahweh (hwhy [yhwh]) and the vowels from the word Lord (ynda [‘idonay]).  Proof for the fabricated nature of this word are the two vowels which appear on the waw, an impossibility in Hebrew.  However, until the revival of the Hebrew language in western Europe scholars read the consonants YHWH (Germans would read them as JHVH) with the vowels of ‘adonay, thereby originating the incorrect form Jehovah.  This word was then introduced into English by William Tyndale and was continued by the King James Version,” (The Journey from Texts to Translations, Paul D. Wegner, pp. 172-173).

“While it is almost if not quite certain that the Name was originally pronounced ‘Yahweh,’ this pronunciation was not indicated when the Masoretes added vowel signs to the consonantal Hebrew text.  To the four consonants YHWH of the Name, which had come to be regarded as too sacred to be pronounced, they attached vowel signs indicating that in its place should be read the Hebrew word Adonai meaning ‘Lord’…The ancient Greek translators substituted the word Kyrios (Lord) for the Name.  The Vulgate likewise used the Latin word Dominus.  The form ‘Jehovah’ is of late medieval origin; it is a combination of the consonants of the Divine Name and the vowels attached to it by the Masoretes but belonging to an entirely different word… reasons the Committee has returned to the more familiar usage of the King James Version… the word ‘Jehovah’ does not accurately represent any form of the Name ever used in Hebrew,” (Revised Standard Version, Preface, pp. iv-v).

“The probable pronunciation of the OT four-lettered word YHWH, the most profound and sacred of the Hebrew names for God.  The name is interpreted in Ex. 3:14 as ‘I am who I am.’  The name was held in such high regard that the Jews were forbidden to pronounce it and read the word ‘Adonai’ vava sd card requirments, lord) instead.  When the Hebrew masoretes added the vowel points to the consonantal text, they used the vowels of Adonai with the four consonants YHWH; this was transliterated in the early versions as Jehovah.  This form of the word became quite popular, but it should be remembered that such a word never existed,” (The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church, “Yahweh,” Vol. N-Z, p. 2537).

“Why not in the form ‘Jehovah’?  Is that not euphonious?  It is, without question.  Is it not widely used?  It is, and may still be freely employed to assist through a period of transition.  but is it not hallowed and endeared by many a beautiful hymn and many a pious memory?  Without doubt; and therefore it is with reluctance that is here declined.  But why is it not accepted?  There it is–familiar, acceptable, ready for adoption.  The reason is, that it is too heavily burdened with merited critical condemnation–as modern, as a compromise, as a ‘mongrel’ word, ‘hybrid,’ ‘fantastic,’ ‘monstrous.’ The facts have only to be known to justify this verdict, and to vindicate the propriety of not employing it in a new and independent translation.  What are the facts?  And first as to age. ‘The pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety.’ Next, raani ki vav to formation. ‘Erroneously written and pronounced Jehovah, which is merely a combination of the sacred Tetragrammaton and the vowels in the Hebrew word for Lord, substituted by the Jews for JHVH, because they shrank from pronouncing The Name, owing to an old misconception of the two passages, Ex. 20:7 and Lev. 24:16…To give the name JHVH the vowels of the word for Lord [Heb. Adonai] and pronounce it Jehovah, is about as hybrid a combination as it would be to spell the name Germany with the vowels in the name Portugal – viz., Gormuna.  The monstrous combination Jehovah is not older than about 1520 A.D.’  From this we may gather that the Jewish scribes are not responsible for the ‘hybrid’ combination.  They intentionally wrote alien vowels–not for combination with the sacred consonants, but for the purpose of cautioning the Jewish reader to enunciate a totally different word, viz., some other familiar name of the Most High,” (The Emphasized Bible, [Joseph Bryant Rotherham], Introduction, p. 23-25).

“‘Jehovah’ is the best known English pronunciation of the divine name, although ‘Yahweh’ is favored by most Hebrew scholars.  The oldest Hebrew manuscripts life is struggle vava the name in the form of four consonants, commonly called the Tetragrammaton (from Greek te∙tra- meaning ‘four,’ and gram’ma, ‘letter’).  These four letters (written from right to left) are hwhy and may be transliterated into English as YHWH (or, JHVH),” (Insight on the Scriptures, Vol. 2, p. 5:  “Jehovah,” Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1988).

“Jehovah – ‘A mispronunciation (introduced by Christian theologians, but almost entirely disregarded by the Jews) of the Hebrew “Yhwh,” the (ineffable) name of God (the Tetragrammaton or “Shem ha-Meforash”). This pronunciation is grammatically impossible; it arose through pronouncing the vowels of the “kere” (marginal reading of the Masorites:  = “Adonay”) with the consonants of the “ketib” (text-reading:  = “Yhwh”)—“Adonay” (the Lord) being substituted with one exception wherever Yhwh occurs in the Biblical and liturgical books. “Adonay” presents the vowels “shewa” (the composite  under the guttural aleph becomes a simple shewa under the yod), “holem,” and “kamez,” and these give the reading  (= “Jehovah”). Sometimes, when the two names YHWH and Adonay occur together, the former is pointed with “ḥatef segol”  under the י —thus,  (= “Jehovah”)—to indicate that in this combination it is to be pronounced “Elohim.” These substitutions of “Adonay”and “Elohim” for Yhwh were devised to avoid the profanation of the Ineffable Name (hence  is also writtenor even, and read “ha-Shem” = “the Name”).’” (Jewish Encyclopedia, Emil G. Hirsch)

The above sources all confirm the fact that “Yehovah” or “Jehovah” arose from scribal additions to the Hebrew text. They added the vowel points from Adonai to the Tetragrammaton. Those who state that the name Yehovah is based on Hebrew manuscripts neglect to realize this crucial fact. The debate of Yehovah is not whether this name is found in Hebrew manuscripts, but how the name arose within these manuscripts. As scholarship overwhelmingly verifies, the name Yehovah arose from willful and deliberate alterations to the Hebrew text by Jewish scribes. For this reason, those promoting this name are simply following an old Jewish superstition designed to conceal the true name of our Creator, Yahweh!

A Late Rendition – Evolution of Je(ho)vah by the Masoretes.

From the book Pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton: A Historico-Linguistic Approach, we find this interesting scholarly explanation regarding the progression of the name Jehovah and the evolution of the “ho” sound from early Masoretic (Ben Asher) Manuscripts to the later Medieval Manuscripts.

“Both Paul Kahle and Peter Katz believed Jehovah to have originated with a combination of vowels of ‘adhonay and shema’ with the consonants of the Tetragrammaton. Dr. Reisel concurs: ‘The sewa under the yod is in my view connected with the pronunciation shema (rendering for yhwh), from which the spelling yehouah < yehwah was derived, under the partial influence of ‘dhny.’ In early Masoretic (Ben Asher) MSS the common vocalization of the Tetragrammaton is yehwah in later (Medieval) MSS we find yehouah. This is the reason why many scholars view Jehovah (Yehovah) as an unnatural, artificial construction. Such arguments against the Jehovah-pronunciation would become null and void if it could be traced back to early North Israelite usage.” And this is the problem we see. Yehovah lacks any ancient manuscripts before the Masoretic times to back it up. The preponderance of ancient evidence clearly shows it must be discounted as a viable pronunciation.

Case of the Missing Vowel Point 

Some will debate that the vowel points of Adonai and Yehovah are not the same. While this is technically true, this difference is due to Hebrew grammar. Wikipedia explains this process: “The vocalisations Yehovah and Adonai are not identical. The shva in YHWH…and the hataf patakh in [Adonai]…appear different. The vocalisation can be attributed to Biblical Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible phonology, where the hataf patakh is grammatically identical to a shva, always replacing every shva nah under a guttural letter. Since the first letter of ינדא is a guttural letter while the first letter of הוהי is not, the hataf patakh under the (guttural) aleph reverts to a regular shva under the (non-guttural) Yod.”

The above citation was sent to Professor Fassberg, Ph.D., at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and he concurred that the explanation was correct based on Hebrew grammar (for additional information on Professor Fassberg, see section “Waw or Vav?”).

Once a person realizes this fact, the argument that Yehovah does not contain the vowel points from Adonai is simply false. The hataf patakh (compound shwa) vav ecmo for north-south syndrome under the aleph of Adonai and missing from the yod of Yehovah is the result of Hebrew grammar.  Those who state otherwise in defense of Yehovah are not understanding the mechanics of the Hebrew language.

Additional Hybrids 

Another problem with those claiming that Yehovah is confirmed through the vowel points from Adonai is that we see alternative pronunciations of the Tetragrammaton based on Hebrew vowel points added by the Masoretes. For example, the Leningrad codex, a codex that many advocates of Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible rely on, contains additional Hebrew spellings. Below are six examples where the Divine name contains different vowel points (transliteration approximate):

יְהוָה – Yehwah (Genesis 2:4)
יְהֹוָה – Yehowah (Genesis 3:14)
יֱהֹוִה – Yehowih (Judges 16:28)
יֱהוִה – Yehwih (Genesis 15:2)
יְהֹוִה – Yehowih (1Kings 2:26)
יְהוִה – Yehwih (Ezekiel 24:24)

Using the above vowel combinations you can prove the name Yahweh by simple deduction. If the name Yahweh holds the true vowels, you would not expect to see the “Yah” and “Weh” in any form by the Masoretes, as the entire function of Kativ Kere was to hide the name and amazingly this is exactly what we see.

The Adonai Preceding Yehovah Dilemma

Those who argue that the vowels for Yehovah have no relation to Adonai have some explaining to do. Within the Leningrad codex and the Aleppo codex (see image below) is it merely coincidence that when the Tetragrammaton is preceded by Adonai, it receives different pointing? If Yehovah contains the proper and correct vowels, then why do we see the pattern of inserting the vowels for Elohim in the Tetragrammaton when Adonai proceeds it? This is a serious dilemma for the Yehovah proponents and clearly proves a redundant pattern. This is one of those elementary concepts that slips past the unlearned but is well understood in scholarship.

As seen (on p. 15) in the Aleppo Codex in Judges 16:28, the name YHWH appears twice with two different sets of vowel points with the approximate vav ecmo for north-south syndrome “Yehwoh” and “Yehohiw.” “Yehwoh” derives from the vowel points of Adonai and “Yehohiw” derives from the vowel points of Elohim. When the word Adonai was in close proximity in the text to  YHWH, the Jews added the vowel points from Elohim to YHWH, indicating the reader was to read “Elohim.” This was to reduce redundancy with the Hebrew Adonai.  Strong’s OT:3069 explains this process: “Yehovih (yeh-ho-vee’); a variation of OT:3068 [used after OT:136, and pronounced by Jews as OT:430, in order to prevent the repetition of the same sound, since they elsewhere pronounce OT:3068 as OT:136]” (for clarification, OT:136 correspondents to “Adonai” and OT:430 to “Elohim”). According to the Englishmans Concordance, OT:3069 is found a total of 615 times in the Hebrew Old Testament.

Those who support Yehovah do so entirely on the vowel points added by the Masoretes. However, as we find in the Leningrad and Aleppo codices, along with many others, there are several different renderings for the Tetragrammaton. How it is possible to reconcile that the Jews both preserved why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible name Yehovah and explain why they introduced these alternate Hebrew spellings? Those who believe that Yehovah is the correct pronunciation, their only recourse would be to state that these other spellings were mistakes. However, based on the Talmud, the thought of a Jewish scribe making such a mistake, especially to the Divine name, is unthinkable. Jewish scribal rules required that if a Torah Scroll was found to contain any mistakes it could not be used, unless the mistake was resolved within  30 days. If not, the scroll was to be buried. Knowing this, even if these alternative pronunciations were mistakes, to believe that they were all missed and allowed to remain in the text is incredulous.

The other explanation oval tigers eye stone 925 silver vav ring that the Jews willfully concealed the name with the vowel points from Adonai (as seen in Genesis 2:4 within the Leningrad codex) and Elohim (as seen in Judges 16:28 of the Leningrad and Aleppo codices). Considering the implausibility that the Jews overlooked these alternative spellings, the only logical conclusion is that they were aware and added the vowel points to instruct the reader not to pronounce the Divine name and replace it with the words “Adonai” and “Elohim.” As a side note, the Masoretes would often add the vowel points from Elohim to YHWH when the Tetragrammaton preceded the word “Adonai.” This was to reduce redundancy within the text.

Waw or Vav?

Another linguistic impossibility with Yehovah is the use of the “v.” While some who support Yehovah will state that the what does the letter vav mean in hebrew letter of the Hebrew alphabet was originally a “vav” and not a “waw,” pronounced as a “v” and not a “w,” most Hebrew scholars disagree. According to some linguists, the Hebrew vav arose from Ashkenazi Hebrew, which was influenced by the Germanic language.

Menahem Mansoor notes, “There are, generally speaking, two main why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible the Ashkenazi, or German, originated by Central and Eastern European Jews and carried to all countries to which those Jews have emigrated (Western Europe, America, etc.): and the Sephardi, or Spanish, used by the Jews of Spanish or Portugese stock in Europe and America and also by Jews from Oriental countries. In all universities and through-out Israel, the Sephardi pronunciation has been adopted, since it is generally believed that this is the pronunciation nearest to the original…” (Biblical Hebrew, p. 33)

As noted by Menahem Mansoor, Sephardi is older than Ashkenazi and closest to biblical Hebrew. Unlike Ashkenazi, Sephardic and Yemenite Hebrew were never influenced by the Germanic language and therefore maintained a closer resemblance to ancient Hebrew.

Edward Horowitz in his book, How the Hebrew Language Grew, states, “The sound of waw a long time ago wasn’t ‘vav’ at all but ‘w’ and ‘w’ is weak. The Yemenite Jews of Arabia who retain an ancient, correct and pure pronunciation of Hebrew still pronounce the waw as ‘w,’ as does Arabic, the close sister language of Hebrew,” pp. 29-30. As Horowitz notes, the “vav” is a modern form of the older “waw.”

In addition, J.D. Wijnkoop. literary candidate in the University of Leyden why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible rabbi of the Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam,  states in his book, Manual of Hebrew Grammar, “Waw is a softly, scarcely audible pronounced w, which is produced by a quick opening of the lips,” (Forgotten Books, Classic Reprint Series, 2015, p. 3, original publication 1898).

Mansoor, Horowitz, and Wijnkoop all confirm that the sixth letter of the Hebrew alphabet was originally life is struggle vava waw and pronounced as a “w.” Horowitz also notes that the Yemenite Jews have a purer form of Hebrew as compared to modern Hebrew. Incidentally, during our 2016 expedition to the Holy Land, our Israeli archaeologist, a graduate of Hebrew University and archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority, confirmed that the pronunciation was Yahweh and stated that this is how his Yemenite wife would pronounce the Name and explained how Yemenite Hebrew is closer to biblical Hebrew with the use of the “waw” in place of the newer “vav.”

Dr. Steven Fassberg, who received his Ph.D. from Harvard and teaches at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as a professor in the Hebrew language department, also confirms the use of the waw and the erroneous nature of Yehovah. He states, “The pronunciation you mentioned [i.e., Yehovah] is a mistake. The Hebrew consonantal text is YHWH and no one really knows how that was pronounced in Old Testament times. At a later date (the latter half of the 2nd millennium CE) Masoretes added vowel signs to the consonantal text. Whenever the Tetragrammaton was written, they added the vowel signs of the word ‘Adonay,’ which means ‘My Lord’ – there was a taboo on pronouncing the Divine name and one was supposed to read the word ‘Adonay – my Lord.’ Much later some started reading the vowel signs vava night light discontinued with YHWH and came up with the nonsensical word Jehovah.

“There is no doubt that the original sound was w and not v. Sometime during the history of the Hebrew language there was a shift from w > v in pronunciation, probably already during the Mishnaic Period” (email correspondence).

In addition to serving as director of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature from 2006-2009, he has also contributed to many articles and publications. Below are a few as noted on his online profile:

  • Revision and updating of the entries “Aramaic,” “Neo-Aramaic,” and “Semitic Languages,” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, eds. M. Berenbaum and F. Skolnik. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
  • A Grammar of the Palestinian Targum Fragments from the Cairo Genizah. Harvard Semitic Studies 38. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1990. 322 pages.
  • Studies in the Syntax of Biblical Hebrew. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1994. 202 pp. (in Hebrew)
  • The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Challa. Semitic Languages and Linguistics 54. Leiden: Brill, 2010. p. 314
  • The Language of the Bible, 87-104 in Zipora Talshir, ed., The Literature of the Hebrew Bible: Introductions and Studies. Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2011 (in Hebrew).

Even though Professor Fassberg does not admit to the Divine name, he makes it absolutely clear that Yehovah is a mistake as it follows the old Jewish tradition of adding the vowel points from Adonai to the Tetragrammaton. He concludes by stating that Jehovah, i.e., Yehovah, is “nonsensical.”

He also explains that while the Jews combined the vowel points with the Divine name, the Jews were to read Adonai. Only later did some Jews incorrectly begin reading the vowel points with “YHWH,” phonetically enunciating Yehovah. Ironically, those who support Yehovah today are not only following a long-standing rabbinic tradition of concealing the Name, but doing so incorrectly based on the initial Jewish practice.

He also confirms here with absolute certainty that the waw pre-dates the vav. This again poses a significant problem for those who support Yehovah. Since the “vav” did not exist in biblical Hebrew, Yehovah would have been an impossibility. Only in modern Hebrew do we see the use of the “vav.”

In another email correspondence we asked Professor Adina Moshavi of the Hebrew University, why does the Hebrew University teach in their curriculum that anciently, the sixth letter of the Hebrew alphabet has a “w” sound rather than the modern Hebrew “v” sound?

She said: “…there are many ways to demonstrate that the waw was not originally pronounced as a labiodental “v” as it is in Tiberian Hebrew. The vav ecmo for north-south syndrome that the waw is frequently used as a mater lectionis for a long u sound would be impossible to explain if it was pronounced v, like the bet rafeh, rather as the semivowel w. Furthermore, there are many Hebrew words where a historical diphthong aw, as evidenced from Semitic cognates, has been reduced to a long vowel, e.g., in hiphil perfect of w-initial verbs hawrid > horid “he brought down”, or in the word yawm > yom “day”, and alternations between a diphthong and a long vowel, e.g., vav ecmo for north-south syndrome mawwet vs. construct mot “death.  Such correspondences are only understandable if the phonetic value of the waw was a semivowel.” Professor Adina Moshavi has a Ph.D. in Semitic languages and Literature, Biblical Hebrew syntax, Biblical Life is struggle vava pragmatics, and is part of nailor vav parts faculty at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hebrew Language Department.

However, even with such overwhelming evidence, there is one popular teacher within the Messianic community who  attempts to support the use of the vav by stating that the waw arose through Arabic influence.  While he states that this was confirmed by a “top expert,” he fails to identify this person. It should also be noted that Hebrew is far older than Arabic in fact Arabic is derived from Aramaic, which uses a “w” for the sixth letter. We should also note, the Aramaic square script alphabet was adopted by the Jews around the time of Ezra. According to scholars, the Arabic language does not predate the 4th century CE. The thought of a newer language influencing a pre-existing language in such a way is illogical. This person also states that the vav can be verified from a 6th century CE Hebrew poet Eleazar ben Killir. According to Professor Fassberg, the “v” as it pertains to vav, can be be verified by the Mishnaic Period (1st to 3rd century CE, see below). Therefore, knowing that the “v” existed by the 3rd century CE, it should not be a surprise to find a Hebrew document from the 6th century CE using the “v.” These co-called proofs for a “v” sound for the Hebrew waw is nothing but smoke and mirrors and contrary to the preponderance of scholarship.

yehovah, manuscripts, 1000, adonai, eleazar ben Killir, aleppo codex, codex Cairensis, mishnaic period,

Dead Sea Scrolls Rebuff vav lou drama src="https://i0.wp.com/yrm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/elohim-dead-sea-scrolls-waw.jpg?resize=300%2C180&ssl=1" alt="" width="300" height="180">

Additional waw as found in Dead Sea Scrolls, but replaced with the holam in Masoretic codices.

There’s another issue with Yehovah and that is the use of the “o.”  This letter derives from the holam, the vowel point that sits above the waw within the Masoretic manuscripts. The issue with this letter is that it’s not supported by the Dead Sea Scrolls. In many cases, when a holam appears in the Masoretic documents, the Dead Sea Scrolls reflect this sound through the use of the letter waw, which in biblical Hebrew was used as both a vowel and consonant. An example of this can been seen with the Hebrew elohim in Psalms 138:1. In this instance, yehovah, pentagrammaton, jehovahthe Dead Sea Scrolls contain an additional waw, which is replaced with the holam in the Masoretic codices.  With this in mind, we should anticipate seeing an additional waw in the Tetragrammaton in some of the instances of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Surprisingly, though, there are no instances where the Tetragrammaton contains a second waw to reflect the “o” within the Dead Sea Scrolls. This lack of evidence strongly suggested that the holam or “o” within Yehovah is a recent addition. This is one more piece of evidence confirming that Yehovah is a counterfeit.

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Flavius Josephus, the prominent Jewish historian who lived between 37 – 100 CE, also attests to the use of the waw or “w” within the Hebrew language. In describing the Benq v7050i vs vava chroma Priest’s mitre or turban, he writes, “A mitre also of fine linen encompassed his head, which was tied by a blue ribbon, about which there was another golden crown, in which was engraven the sacred name: it consists of four vowels,” The Wars Of The Jews, Book 5, chapter 5, paragraph 7.

Besides the waw the other letters in the mitre were yod and hey, which formed the Tetragrammaton (yod-hey-waw-hey), that appeared on the High Priest’s mitre. Technically, the Hebrew language has understood vowels and these Hebrew letters are vowel-consonants with the following sounds:

  • Yod = “ee”
  • Hey = “ei,” “ay,” “ah”
  • Waw = “oh,” “oo”

Vowels are spoken with an open mouth, allowing unobstructed air flow, and consonantal sounds are produced with the mouth fairly or partially closed. We can see that in such consonants as v, f, s, and z, the airflow is obstructed and the sound is made by squeezing the air through a narrow space.

While “v” is considered a consonant, “w” can be both a vowel and consonant and categorized as a semi-vowel. The Standard American Encyclopedia states, “W represents two sounds: 1) The distinctive sound properly belonging to it is that which it has at the beginning of a syllable, and when followed by a vowel, as in was, will, woe, forward, housework, etc.; 2) at the end of syllables, in which position it is always preceded by a vowel, it has either no force at all (or at most only serves to lengthen the vowel), as in law, paw, grow, lawful; or it forms the second element in a diphthong, as in few, new, now, vow, in such cases it is really a vowel,” Vol. XIV, “W,” 1940.

Once a person understands how a vowel is formed and that Yahweh’s Name (YHWH) consists of four vowel-consonants, the question about the “vav” and “waw” is quickly settled. Since the “vav” produces a “v” sound, representing a consonant, and the waw produces a “w” sound, representing a consonant or vowel, the only possible option is the “waw.”

Early Church Fathers

While “Yehovah” does not appear in any manuscript before the 9th century, CE, there is evidence for “Yahweh” within Greek manuscripts dating to the 2nd century CE, and later. Consider the following sources:

“The true pronunciation of the name YHWH was never lost. Several early Greek writers of the Christian Church testify that the name was pronounced ‘Yahweh’” (Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 7, p. 680).

“Early Christian writers, such as Vav trox pdf of Alexandria in the 2nd century, had used the form Yahweh, thus this pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton was vav military discharge really lost. Greek transcriptions  also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., vol. x, p. 786).

“The pronunciation Yahweh is indicated by transliteration of the name into Greek in early Christian literature, in the form iaoue (Clement of Alexandria) or iabe (Theodoret; by this time Gk. b had the pronunciation of v)…Strictly speaking, Yahweh is the only ‘name’ of God. In Genesis wherever the why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible sem (‘name’) is associated with the divine being that name is Yahweh” (Eerdman’s Bible Dictionary, 1979 p. 478).

“Such a conclusion, giving ‘Yahweh’ as the pronunciation of the name, is confirmed by the testimony of the Fathers and gentile writers, where the forms IAO, Yaho, Yaou, Yahouai, and Yahoue appear. Especially important is the statement of Theodoret in relation to Ex. lvi., when he says: ‘the Samaritans call it [the tetragrammaton] ‘Yabe,’ the Jews call it ‘Aia’…” (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, “Yahweh,” p. 471).

“I mentioned the evidence from Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible papyri found in Egypt. The best of these is Iaouee (London Papyri, xlvi, 446-483). Clement of Alexandria said, “The mystic name which is called the Tetragrammaton…is pronounced Iaoue, which means, “Who is, and who shall be”’” (Dr. Anson R. Rainy, Biblical Archaeology Review, Sept.-Oct 1994). Dr. Rainy is a professor of Ancient and Near Eastern Cultures and Semitic Linguistics at Tel Aviv University.

As confirmed through these references, the pronunciation of Yahweh was preserved in Greek by several church fathers. This included Clement of Alexandria, Origin, and Theodoret. It’s important to realize that these Greek documents contain vowels, ensuring the exact pronunciation, and that they pre-date the Hebrew manuscripts containing the why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible “Yehovah” hipp vs vava baby monitor nearly 700 years.

Gnostic Support

In addition to early church writers, evidence for Yahweh is also found in The Nag Hammadi codices, dating from the 2nd to 4th century CE. This library of Gnostic writings was discovered in Upper Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible, near Nag Hammadi, in 1945. In all, there are over 50 texts within this library. Since they are in Greek, as the church fathers, they preserve  the pronunciation.

One such book is The Secret Book of John. Within this codex, it mentions the name Yahweh and notes, “Eloim and Yawe, two names of God in the Hebrew scriptures…. Yahweh is the name of God (based on the Tetragrammaton, the ineffable four-letter name)” (Dr. Marvin Meyer, The Nag Hammadi Scriptures, p. 127).

The Secret Book of John dates to the second century, as it was known to the church father Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible. This was the same timeframe as Clement of Alexandria, who also confirmed the name. Even though Gnosticism was rightly deemed heretical by the early church, it is another witness to the pronunciation of Yahweh. The fact that these groups were at odds, but agreed on “Yahweh,” is significant and adds credence to this pronunciation. It verifies that “Yahweh” was widely recognized as early as the second century, nearly 700 years before any Hebrew manuscripts containing Yehovah.

Yahweh, BCE

There is perhaps evidence supporting Yahweh’s name as far back as Hammurabi (1810 – 1750 BCE), the first king of Babylon. According to Halley’s Bible Handbook on page 62, “Sayce announced (1898) that he had discovered, on three separate tablets in the British museum, of the time of Hammurabi, the words jahwe…is God.” Clearly, jahwe would be rendered why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible evidence for the short form “Yah” may also be found in the Murashu texts dating back to 464 BCE (Aramaic cuneiform scripts on clay tablets) and why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible Egyptian hieroglyphics, containing the first syllable why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible the Tetragrammaton and corresponding to IA or YA. This may offer additional evidence against the “yeh” in Yehovah.

It’s important to note that both of these sources contain vowels, which confirms the “yah” syllable before Jewish vowel pointing.

Akkadian Tablets Reveal “Yah”

Another strike against the “Yeh” prefix in Yehovah is that we find many Jewish names with the theophoric element “Yah” and “Yahu” dating to 572-477 BCE in Akkadian cuneiform tablets, a language cognate to Hebrew.  Examples of such names include: Yahadil, Yahitu, Yahmuzu, Yahuazar, Yahuazza, and Yahuhin. YRM recently contacted several professors through email inquiring about these names and received the following responses. Professor Ran Zadok from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem who specializes in Mesopotamian, Iranian and Judaic Studies, confirmed, “It seems to me that the cuneiform spellings render approximately *Ya(h)w” (see similar rendering on the Dead Sea Scroll fragment below).

Professor Martin Worthington from Cambridge who specializes in Mesopotamian languages and literature, states, “…scholarly consensus has it that Yahwistic names are well attested in first-millennium Babylonia. As several scholars have observed, there is a vav ventilation system tendency (though not an absolute rule) for the form to be yahu at the beginning of the name, and yama at the end of the name (though yama is actually yawa, since in this period intervocalic m is usually pronounced w). The cuneiform script does include vowels.  The sign IA is a bit of a special case, since it can represent ia, ii, iu or ie.  But in this case we also have spellings such as ia-a-hu, showing that the vowel is indeed ‘a’.” For additional study, refer to Documents of Judean Exiles and West Semites in Babylonia in the Collection of David Sofer by Laurie E. Pearce and Cornelia Wunsch.

In addition to these sources confirming the short form “Yahw” or “Yaho,” they also suggest that a shift occurred between “Yah” to “Ye” within the prefixes of Jewish names between the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid (572-477 BCE) and the Masoretic (6-10 century CE) periods. These names also offer indirect evidence for the prefix “Yah” within the Tetragrammaton and therefore casting doubt on the “Ye” within Yehovah.

The Smoking Gun

It’s surprising for some to learn that the short form of the name “Yah” (Yahweh = ee-ah-oo-eh) is found in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Manuscript 4Q120-4QpapLXXLevb (See below) shows the Greek: Iota, Alpha, Omega, transliteration: YAW or Yahw. This clearly shows that the vowel pointing with “Yeh” is erroneous as it relates to the phonetic pronunciation of the name and supports the scholarly consensus that these vowel markings are a direct result of the later vowel pointing for Adonai added to the Tetragrammaton.

It’s important to understand that the “Omega” in Greek does not produce the sound of a “V” but a “W.” In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω or lowercase ω; is a long open-mid o, comparable to the vowel of the British word “raw.”

As noted in the book – The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, pg. 472: “…It is worth noting that in Lev. iv, 27 (4Q120, fr. 20, 4) the Tetragram (the divine name YHWH) is rendered semi-phonetically as Iao, and is not replaced, as was customary later, by the Greek Kurios (Lord).”

It’s rather puzzling to see an attempt to use late manuscripts e.g. Leningrad Codex, Aleppo Codex (both 10 Century C.E. MSS) as proof for Yehovah, but which also have several other renderings like Yehohiw (with the vowels for Elohim inserted) written in the text. Yet, we see in the Dead Sea Scrolls three of the four parts of the Tetragrammaton (Yahw) going back to the 1st Century written in Greek with the vowels preserved. This is over 900 years before the Leningrad and Aleppo codices were written.

yahweh, dead sea scrolls, iao, yehovah, yahu, greek,

Retracting Yehovah

There are at least two instances where scholars accepted Yehovah but then later retracted their support in favor for Yahweh. After supporting Yehovah in its first edition, the Keil & DelitzschOld Testament Commentaries removed it from later why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible. They stated, why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible must be conceded that the pronunciation Jahve [Yahweh] is to be regarded as the original pronunciation.  The mode of pronunciation Jehova [Yehovah] has only come up within the last three hundred years; our  own ‘Jahava’ [in the first edition] was an innovation” (Nehemiah to Psalm LXVII, p. 827).

Gesenius also initially accepted the Tetragrammaton with the vowel points from Adonai, but then later retracted his support for this hybrid and was noted within Gesenius Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, “This opinion Gesenius afterward thoroughly retracted,” nun bet vav vav. 337.  Upon rejecting Yehovah, he supported the pronunciation Yahweh.

Both Keil and Delitzsch and Gesenius [1786–1842]perhaps the most renowned linguistic scholar of his day and even in modern scholarship, rejected the inaccurate form Yehovah in favor of Yahweh. This withdrawal offers additional evidence for the erroneous nature of Yehovah.

Wilhelm Gesenius in his Hebrew Lexicon, the first edition published in 1810 and 1812,  supported the pronunciation Yahweh (with the final letter being silent) as a result of the Samaritan pronunciation Ιαβε reported by early church theologian Theodoret (393–458/466 CE), and because the theophoric name prefixes YHW /jeho/ and YW /jo/, the theophoric name suffixes YHW /jahu/ and YH /jah/, and the abbreviated form YH /jah/ can be derived from the form Yahweh. The Dead Sea Scrolls Manuscript 4Q120-4QpapLXXLevb seen above in Greek rendering YAW, clearly illustrates the Masoretes later inserted the vowels for Adonai – ‘Yehovah’ by reading the Masoretic text in Leviticus 3:12. It’s interesting to point out that this vav ecmo for north-south syndrome evidence was unaware to Gesenius and reaffirms his position.)

Gesenius referenced the 1707 book by Adriaan Reland which reprinted the views of a number of scholars on the proofs for and against the pronunciation “Yahweh” vs “Jehovah”, which allowed the readers to make their own determination based on the evidence. Already there was a move by scholars to support Reeland’s view that the pronunciation was why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible Yahweh (יַהְוֶה‎) and better represents how the Tetragrammaton vav vav lamed significado pronounced, rather than the previously believed Masoretic punctuation “יְהֹוָה‎” (Yehovah) thought correct by early Catholic scholars uneducated in the Hebrew language, who did not understand the orthographic device called Qere Ketiv, from which the English name Jehovah was derived. Another Masoretic Ketiv Kere punctuation, “יֱהֹוִה‎”, is used where the synagogue reader speaks Elohim, as he sees the vowels for Elohim inserted in the Tetragrammaton.

Weighing the Evidence 

Let us weigh the evidence for Yehovah and Yahweh. First, we will consider Yehovah. According to a small number of individuals, the name Yehovah is found in Hebrew manuscripts dating back no earlier than the 9th century CE. And while they provide such late Hebrew manuscripts for this conclusion, they have no additional proof to offer. It’s also noteworthy that these manuscripts all include the vowel points or diacritical notes of the Masoretes or Jewish scribes.

The same is not true for Yahweh. The name Yahweh is confirmed by church fathers and Gnostic codices dating back to the 2nd century CE, nearly 700 years before Yehovah appears within any Hebrew manuscript. In addition, biblical and linguistic scholarship nearly universally agrees that Yehovah is an erroneous hybrid that arose by adding the vowel points from Adonai to the Tetragrammaton, a point that advocates of Yehovah disagree with, but have no scholarship to rebut. Modern scholarship also overwhelmingly is in agreement with the pronunciation Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible. Also, the “w” in Yahweh (Hebrew letter “waw”) is almost unanimously agreed upon by scholars to pre-date the modern “v” or “vav” within Yehovah. Credible biblical Hebrew classes like “Basics of Biblical Hebrew” from Zondervan and many others will teach this as fact in their curriculum.

The real issue with Yehovah is not that it doesn’t appear in Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament, but how it originated within those manuscripts. Therefore, whether a person claims one or a thousand manuscripts, the result is the same; this hybrid arose from willful and deliberate scribal modifications of the Tetragrammaton due to a belief that this Name was too holy to use, a claim that the Bible clearly refutes. This was done by adding the vowel points from Adonai and Elohim to the four letters of the Creator’s name. While this was done out of reverence for the name, such tampering is not biblically permitted. The Third Command warns of not using Yahweh’s name in vain. One way of using Yahweh’s name in vain is by replacing it with a counterfeit, such as Yehovah.

For additional information, watch the below videos exposing the hybrid Yehovah:

Jehovah

Vocalization of the divine name YHWH

This article is about the word Jehovah. For the deity, see God in Abrahamic religions. For other uses, see Jehovah (disambiguation).

Jehovah () is a Latinization of the Hebrewיְהֹוָה‎Yəhōwā, one vocalization of the Tetragrammatonיהוה‎ (YHWH), the proper name of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.[2][3][4] The Tetragrammatonיהוה is considered one of the seven names of God in Judaism and a form of God's name in Christianity.[5][6][7]

The consensus among scholars is that the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time percy v davis amherst vava the redaction of the Torah (6th century BCE) is most likely Yahweh. The historical vocalization was lost because in Second Temple Judaism, during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with Adonai ('my Lord'). The Hebrew vowel points of Adonai were added to the Tetragrammaton by the Masoretes, and the resulting form was transliterated around the 12th century CE as Yehowah.[8] The derived forms Iehouah and Jehovah first appeared in the 16th century.

The vocalization of the Tetragrammaton Jehovah was first introduced by William Tyndale in his translation of Exodus 6:3, and appears in some other early English translations including the Geneva Bible and the King James Version.[9] The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops states that in order to pronounce the Tetragrammaton "it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. "Yahweh" or "Jehovah")."[10]Jehovah appears in the Old Testament of some widely used translations including the American Standard Version (1901) and Young's Literal Translation (1862, 1899); the New World Translation (1961, 2013) uses Jehovah in both the Old and New Testaments. Jehovah does not appear in most mainstream English translations, some of which use Yahweh but most continue to use "Lord" or "LORD" to represent the Tetragrammaton.[11][12]

Pronunciation

Most scholars believe the name Jehovah (also transliterated as Yehowah)[14] to be a hybrid form derived by combining the Hebrew letters יהוה (YHWH, later rendered in the Latin alphabet as JHVH) with the vowels of Adonai. Some hold that there is evidence that a form of the Tetragrammaton similar to Jehovah may have been in use in Semitic and Greek phonetic texts and artifacts from Late Antiquity.[15] Others say that it is the pronunciation Yahweh that is testified in both Christian and pagan texts of the early Christian era.[15][16][17][18]

Some Karaite Jews,[19] as proponents of the rendering Jehovah, state that although the original pronunciation of יהוה has been obscured by disuse of the spoken name according to oral Rabbinic law, well-established English transliterations of other Hebrew personal names are accepted in normal usage, such as Joshua, Jeremiah, Isaiah or Jesus, for which the original pronunciations may be unknown.[19][20] They also point out that "the English form Jehovah is an Anglicized form of Yehovah,"[19] and preserves the four Hebrew consonants "YHVH" (with the introduction of the "J" sound in English).[19][21][22] Some argue that Jehovah is preferable to Yahweh, based on their conclusion that the Tetragrammaton was likely tri-syllabic originally, and that modern forms should therefore also have three syllables.[23]

In an article he wrote in the Journal of Biblical Literature, Biblical scholar Francis B. Dennio said: "Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu. The settled connotations of Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right." Dennio argued that the form Jehovah is vav as boyfriends or dating vav a barbarism, but is the best English form available, being that it has for centuries gathered the necessary connotations and associations for valid use in English.[20]

According to a Jewish tradition developed during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the Tetragrammaton is written but not pronounced. When read, substitute terms replace the divine name where יְהֹוָה‎ (Yəhōwā) appears in the text. It is widely assumed, as proposed by the 19th-century Hebrew scholar Wilhelm Gesenius, that the vowels of the substitutes of the name—Adonai (Lord) and Elohim (God)—were inserted by the Masoretes to indicate that these substitutes were to be used.[a] When יהוה precedes or follows Adonai, the Masoretes placed the vowel points of Elohim into the Tetragrammaton, producing a different vocalization of the Tetragrammaton יֱהֹוִה‎ (Yĕhōvī), which was read as Elohim.[25] Based on this reasoning, the form יְהֹוָה‎ (Jehovah) has been characterized by some as a "hybrid form",[15][26] and even "a philological impossibility".[27]

Early modern translators disregarded the practice of reading Adonai (or its equivalents in Greek and Latin, Κύριος and Dominus)[b] in place of the Tetragrammaton and instead combined the four Hebrew letters of the Tetragrammaton with the vowel points that, except in synagogue scrolls, accompanied them, resulting in the form Jehovah.[28] This form, which first took effect in works dated 1278 and 1303, was adopted in Tyndale's and some other Protestant translations of the Bible.[29] In the 1560 Geneva Bible, the Tetragrammaton is translated as Jehovah six times, four as the proper name, and two as place-names.[30] In the 1611 King James Version, Jehovah occurred seven times.[31] In the 1885 English Revised Version, the form Jehovah occurs twelve times. In the 1901 American Standard Version the form "Je-ho'vah" became the regular English rendering of the Hebrew יהוה, all throughout, in preference to the sela vave slip dominant "the LORD", which is generally used in the King James Version.[c] It is also used in Christian hymns such as the 1771 hymn, "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah".[32]

Development

The most widespread theory is that the Hebrew term יְהֹוָה‎ has the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי‎ (adonai).[33] Using the vowels of adonai, the composite hataf patah ( ֲ‎ ) under the gutturalalef (א‎) becomes a sheva ( ְ‎ ) under the yod (י‎), the holam ( ֹ‎ ) is placed over the first he (ה‎), and the qamats ( ָ‎ ) is placed under the vav (ו‎), giving יְהֹוָה‎ (Jehovah). When the two names, יהוה‎ and אדני‎, occur together, the former is pointed with a hataf segol ( ֱ‎ ) under the yod (י‎) and a hiriq ( ִ‎ ) under the second he (ה‎), giving יֱהֹוִה‎, to indicate that it is to be read as elohim in order to avoid adonai being repeated.[33][34]

Taking the spellings at face value may have been as a result of not knowing about the Q're perpetuum, resulting in the transliteration Yehowah and derived variants.[8][35][28]Emil G. Hirsch was among the modern scholars that recognized "Jehovah" to be "grammatically impossible".[34]

יְהֹוָה‎ appears 6,518 times in the traditional Masoretic Text, in addition to 305 instances of יֱהֹוִה‎ (Jehovih). The pronunciation Jehovah is believed to have arisen through the introduction of vowels of the qere—the marginal notation used by the Masoretes. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the qere) differed from the consonants of the written text (the kethib), they wrote the qere in the margin to indicate that the kethib was read using the vowels of the qere. For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted, referred to as q're perpetuum.[27] One of these frequent cases was God's name, which was not to be pronounced in fear of profaning the "ineffable name". Instead, wherever יהוה‎ (YHWH) appears in the kethib of the biblical and liturgical books, it was to be read as אֲדֹנָי‎ (adonai, "My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or as אֱלֹהִים‎ (elohim, "God") if adonai appears next to it.[36] This combination produces יְהֹוָה‎ (yehova) and יֱהֹוִה‎ (yehovi) respectively. יהוה‎ is also written ה'‎, or even ד'‎, and read ha-Shem ("the name").[34]

Scholars are not in total agreement as to why יְהֹוָה‎ does not have precisely the same vowel points as adonai. The use of the composite hataf segol ( ֱ‎ ) in cases where the name is to be read elohim, has led to the opinion that the composite hataf patah ( ֲ‎ ) ought to have been used to indicate the reading adonai. It has been argued conversely that the disuse of the patah is consistent with the Babylonian system, in which the composite is uncommon.[27]

Vowel points of יְהֹוָה‎ and אֲדֹנָי‎

The table below shows the vowel points of Yehovah and Adonai, indicating the simple sheva in Yehovah in contrast to the hataf patah in Adonai. As indicated to the right, vava water flosser troubleshooting vowel points used when the Tetragrammaton is intended to be pronounced as Adonai are slightly vav ductwork to those used in Adonai itself.

  • Hebrew (Strong's #3068)
  • YEHOVAH
  • יְהֹוָה‎
  • Hebrew (Strong's #136)
  • ADONAY
  • אֲדֹנָי‎
י‎YodYא‎Alephglottal stop
ְ‎Simple shevaEֲ‎Hataf patahA
ה‎HeHד‎DaletD
ֹ‎HolamOֹ‎HolamO
ו‎VavVנ‎NunN
ָ‎QamatsAָ‎QamatsA
ה‎HeHי‎YodY

The difference between the vowel points of 'ǎdônây and YHWH is explained by the rules of Hebrew morphology and phonetics. Sheva and hataf-patah were allophones of the same phoneme used in different situations: hataf-patah on glottal consonants including aleph (such as the first letter in Adonai), and simple sheva on other consonants (such as the Y in YHWH).[34]

Introduction into English

The earliest available Latin text to use a vocalization similar to Jehovah dates from the 13th century.[37] The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon suggested that the pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520 when it was introduced by Galatinus, who defended its use.[38]: 218 

In English it appeared in William Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch ("The Five Books of Moses") published in 1530 in Germany, where Tyndale had studied since 1524, possibly in one or more of the universities at Wittenberg, Worms and Marburg, where Hebrew was taught.[39]: 113, 118, 119 [40] The spelling used by Tyndale was "Iehouah"; at that time, "I" was not distinguished from J, and U was not distinguished from V.[41] The original 1611 printing of the Authorized King James Version used "Iehouah". Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible wrote about the divine name: "IEHOUAH [Jehovah], is God's name; neither is any creature so called; and it is as much to say as, One that is of himself, and dependeth of nothing. Moreover, as oft as thou seest LORD in great letters (except there be any error in the printing), it is in Hebrew Iehouah, Thou that art; or, He that is."[42]: 408  The name is also found in a 1651 edition of Ramón Martí's Pugio fidei.[43]

The name Jehovah (initially as Iehouah) appeared in all early Protestant Bibles in English, except Coverdale's translation in 1535.[9] The Roman Catholic Douay–Rheims Bible used "the Lord", corresponding to the Latin Vulgate's use of Dominus (Latin for Adonai, "Lord") to represent the Tetragrammaton. The Authorized King James Version, which used "Jehovah" in a few places, most frequently gave "the LORD" as the equivalent of the Tetragrammaton. The form Iehouah appeared in John Rogers' Matthew Bible in 1537, the Great Bible of 1539, the Geneva Bible of 1560, Bishop's Bible of 1568 and the King James Version of 1611. More recently, Jehovah has been used in the Revised Version of 1885, the American Standard Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible in 1901, and the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of Jehovah's Witnesses in 1961.

At Exodus 6:3–6,[44] where the Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible James Version has Jehovah, the Revised Standard Version (1952),[45] the New American Standard Bible (1971), the New International Version (1978), the New King James Version (1982), the New Revised Standard Version (1989), the New Century Version (1991), and the Contemporary English Version (1995) give "LORD" or "Lord" as their rendering of the Tetragrammaton, while hvac vav io New Jerusalem Bible (1985), the Amplified Bible (1987), the New Living Translation (1996, revised 2007), and the Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004) use the form Yahweh.

Hebrew vowel points

Modern guides to Biblical Hebrew grammar, such as Duane A Garrett's A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew[46] state that the Hebrew vowel points now found in printed Hebrew Bibles were invented in the second half of the first millennium AD, long after the texts were written. This is indicated in the authoritative Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius,[47][48] and Godwin's Cabalistic Encyclopedia,[49] and is acknowledged even by those who say that guides to Hebrew are perpetuating "scholarly myths".[50]

"Jehovist" scholars, largely earlier than the vava aroma diffuser century, who believe to be the original pronunciation of the divine name, argue that the Hebraic vowel-points and accents were known to writers of the scriptures in antiquity and that both Scripture and history argue in favor of their ab origine status to the Hebrew language. Some members of Karaite Judaism, such as Nehemia Gordon, hold this view.[19] The antiquity of the vowel points and of the rendering Jehovah was defended by various scholars, including Michaelis,[51] Drach,[51] Stier,[51]William Fulke (1583), Johannes Buxtorf,[52] his son Johannes Buxtorf II,[53] and John Owen[54] (17th century); Peter Whitfield[55][56] and John Gill (18th century),[57]: 1767  John Moncrieff[58] (19th century), Johann Friedrich von Meyer (1832)[59] Thomas D. Ross has given an account of the controversy on this matter in England down to 1833.[60] G. A. Riplinger,[61] John Hinton,[62] Thomas M. Strouse,[63] are more recent defenders of the authenticity of the vowel points.

Proponents of pre-Christian origin

18th-century theologian John Gill puts forward the arguments of 17th-century Johannes Buxtorf II and others in his writing, A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points and Accents.[57] He argued for an extreme antiquity of their do seals vave blubbrt rejecting the idea that the vowel points were invented by the Masoretes. Gill presented writings, including passages of scripture, that he interpreted as supportive of his "Jehovist" viewpoint that the Old Testament must have included vowel-points and accents.[57]: 549–560  He claimed that the use of Hebrew vowel points of יְהֹוָה‎, and therefore of the name Jehovah, is documented from before 200 BCE, and even back to Adam, citing Jewish tradition that Hebrew was the first language. He argued that throughout this history the Masoretes did not invent the vowel points and accents, but that they were delivered to Moses by God at Sinai, citing[57]: 538–542 Karaite authorities[64][57]: 540  Mordechai ben Nisan Kukizov (1699) and his associates, who stated that "all our wise men with one mouth affirm and profess that the whole law was pointed and accented, as it came out of the hands of Moses, the man of God."[51] The argument between Karaite and Rabbinic Judaism on whether it was lawful to pronounce the name represented by the Tetragrammaton[57]: 538–542  is claimed to show that some copies have always been pointed (voweled)[62] and that some copies were not pointed with the vowels because of "oral law", for control of interpretation by some Judeo sects, including non-pointed copies in why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible Gill claimed that the pronunciation can be traced back to early historical sources which indicate that vowel points and/or accents were used in their time.[57]: 462  Sources Gill claimed supported his view include:

Gill quoted Elia Levita, who said, "There is no syllable without a point, and there is no word without an accent," as showing that the vowel points and the accents found in printed Hebrew Bibles have a dependence on each other, and so Gill attributed the same antiquity to the accents as to the vowel points.[57]: 499  Gill acknowledged that Levita, "first asserted the vowel points were invented why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible "the men of Tiberias", but made reference to his condition that "if anyone could convince him that his opinion was contrary to the book of Zohar, he should be content to have it rejected." Gill then alludes to the book of Zohar, stating that rabbis declared it older than the Masoretes, and that it attests to the vowel-points and accents.[57]: 531 

William Fulke, John Gill, John Owen, and others held that Jesus Christ referred to a Hebrew vowel point or accent at Matthew 5:18, indicated in the King James Version by the word tittle.[65][66][67][68]

The 1602 Spanish Bible (Reina-Valera/Cipriano de Valera) used the name Iehova and gave a lengthy defense of the pronunciation Jehovah in its preface.[51]

Proponents of later origin

Despite Jehovist claims that vowel signs are necessary for reading and understanding Hebrew, modern Hebrew (apart from young children's books, some formal poetry and Hebrew primers for new immigrants), is written without vowel points.[69] The Torah scrolls do not include vowel points, and ancient Hebrew was written without vowel signs.[70][71]

The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in 1946 and dated from 400 BCE to 70 CE,[72] include texts from the Torah or Pentateuch and from other parts of the Hebrew Bible,[73][74] and have provided documentary evidence that, in spite of claims to the contrary, the original Hebrew texts were written without vowel points.[75][76] Menahem Mansoor's The Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide claims the vowel points found in printed Hebrew Bibles were devised in the 9th and 10th centuries.[77]

Gill's view that the Hebrew vowel points were in use at the time of Ezra or even since the origin of the Hebrew language is stated in an early 19th-century study in opposition to "the opinion of most learned men in modern times", according to whom the vowel points had been "invented since the time of Christ".[78] The study presented the following considerations:

  • The argument that vowel points are necessary for learning to read Hebrew is refuted by the fact that the Samaritan text of the Bible is read without them and that several other Semitic languages, kindred to Hebrew, are written without any indications of the vowels.
  • The books used in synagogue worship have always been without vowel points, which, unlike the letters, have thus never been treated as sacred.
  • The Qere Kethib marginal notes give variant readings only of the letters, never of the points, an indication either that these were added later or that, if they already existed, they were seen as not so important.
  • The Kabbalists drew their mysteries only from the vava voom 20 best price and completely disregarded the points, if there were any.
  • In several cases, ancient translations from the Hebrew Bible (Septuagint, Targum, Aquila of Sinope, Symmachus, Theodotion, Jerome) read the letters with vowels different from those indicated by the points, an indication that the texts from which they were translating were without points. The same holds for Origen's transliteration of the Hebrew text into Greek letters. Jerome expressly speaks of a word in Habakkuk 3:5,[79] which in the present Masoretic Text has three consonant letters and two vowel points, as being of three letters and no vowel whatever.
  • Neither the Jerusalem Talmud nor the Babylonian Talmud (in all their recounting of Rabbinical disputes about the meaning of words), nor Philo nor Josephus, nor any Christian writer for several centuries after Christ make any reference to vowel points.[80][81][82]

Early modern arguments

In the 16th and 17th centuries, various arguments were presented for and against the transcription of the form Jehovah.

Discourses rejecting Jehovah

Author Discourse Comments
John Drusius (Johannes Van den Driesche) (1550–1616) Tetragrammaton, sive de Nomine Die proprio, quod Tetragrammaton vocant (1604) Drusius stated "Galatinus first led us to this mistake [.] I know [of] nobody who read [it] thus earlier").[83] An editor of Drusius in 1698, however, knows of an earlier reading why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible Porchetus de Salvaticis.[clarification needed][84] John Drusius wrote that neither יְהֹוָה‎ nor יֱהֹוִה‎ accurately represented God's name.
Sixtinus Amama (1593–1659)[85]De nomine tetragrammato (1628)[83]Sixtinus Amama was a Professor of Hebrew in the University of Franeker and a pupil of Drusius.[83]
Louis Cappel (1585–1658) De nomine tetragrammato (1624) Lewis Cappel reached the vav connection details that Hebrew vowel points were not part of the original Hebrew language. This view was strongly contested by John Buxtorff the elder and his son.
James Altingius (1618–1679) Exercitatio grammatica de punctis ac pronunciatione tetragrammati[86]James Altingius was a learned German divine.[clarification needed][86]

A recent claim is that the full vowels for Yehovah have been found in ancient Hebrew manuscripts, thereby challenging the Name Yahweh. The following is an extract from our website (yrm.org) in response to this claim. (Original Q&A by Ryan Mansager)

We hear it often: “the full vowels for the creator’s name have now been found.” Sadly, many people have been sold a bill of goods based on a false premise. And that false premise is perpetuated from a lack of understanding of Ketiv/ Qere in Hebrew. Ketiv and Qere are orthographic devices that were used by the Masoretes (Jewish scribes) in the 6th to the 10th centuries. Ketiv means, “what is written.” Qere means, “what is read.” In other words, the sacred Name was written one way, but it was to be read another way.

Basically, the scribes would insert the vowels from two other words – Adonai and Elohim – into the Tetragrammaton, hwhy, so when the reader saw these vowels he would read the title Adonai or Elohim, completely avoiding the sacred Name, which Judaism believes is too holy to pronounce. This practice is done every Sabbath as the torah scroll is read our loud. (Professor William Barrick explains the practice in the link at the end of this article.) Some who promote Yehovah over Yahweh point to a Karaite Jew’s claim that he discovered the “full” vowels in the Tetragrammaton from a medieval manuscript, indicating the name Yehovah. However, another name would be just a legitimate as Yehovah, based on the same principles and logic used to support it and that name is Yehovih.

The vowels for Adonai in the Tetragrammaton read Yehovah while the vowels for Elohim in the tetragrammaton read Yehovih. One is no more legitimate than the other. Both have the same “full vowels,” as well as missing holems, vowel deductions, etc. I would like to go through some of these examples in the Leningrad Codex. The practice of such vowel substitution existed in Masoretic manuscripts dating to the 9th and 10th centuries, CE. There are several forms of Ketiv / Qere, including: ordinary, vowel, omitted, added, euphemistic, split, and qere perpetuum. If you do not have a basic concept of biblical Hebrew this may seem a bit complex.

1 Kings 2:261Kings 2:26 we see the full vowels for Elohim in the text using the shewa, holem, and hireq. In this instance the hateph seghol reverts to a simple shewa under the yod exactly as it does with the combination for Yehovah. This hateph vowel reverted to a simple shewa because the compound shewa was not needed under the yod as it is under vava baby monitor warranty guttural aleph. This is a rule of Hebrew grammar. “Gutturals cannot take vocal shewa, but do take reduced (hateph) vowels” (Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Chapter 2L – “Hebrew Vowels”). This vava 4k 3d projector a rare occurrence, just as is the rare occurrence of the full vowels of Adonai with the vocal shewa under the yod that we see in Genesis 3:14. (Pronunciation: Yehovih with the full vowels for Elohim with the initial vocal shewa under the yod) (biblehub.com/interlinear/1_kings/2-26.htm)
Judges 16:28In Judges 16:28 we see the full vowels for Elohim but in this case the hateph seghol why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible not revert to a simple shewa under the yod. This may be because the title Adonai precedes the Tetragrammaton and could lead to the reader saying Adonai twice (if the vowels for Elohim were not added), however we do see exceptions. (Pronunciation: Yehovih, with the full vowels for Elohim retaining the hateph seghol under the yod) (biblehub.com/interlinear/judges/16-28.htm)
Ezekiel 24:24In Ezekiel 24:24 the Tetragrammaton loses the holem and reverts to the shewa just as we see many times with the pointing for Adonai. (Pronunciation: Yehvih with the vowels for Elohim minus the holem above the first heh.
(biblehub.com/interlinear/ezekiel/24-24.htm)
Genesis 15:2In Genesis 15:2 the holem has been removed and the yod retains the hateph seghol. (Pronunciation: Yehvih (biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/15-2.htm) These examples show vowel point combinations for Elohim in every aspect the same as we see with the vowel point combinations for Adonai (Yehovah). There is nothing special about the full vowels or partial vowels written as Yehovah any more than you could say the full vowels or partial vowels written as Yehovih are also indications of the name. One could use the same arguments and contend that the name Yehovih is just as what does the hebrew letter vav look like. Here’s the thing, the scribe’s intent was never to put the proper pronunciation of the name in the text, but simply to use these vowel points as code to signal the reader to use either Elohim or Adonai rather than Yahweh. About 500 years ago this ignorance of Ketiv Qere gave us the name Jehovah. Petrus Galatinus (1460-1540), Pope Lex X’s confessor, thought these added vowels were a legitimate part of the Tetragrammaton so he rendered the Name Jehovah.“A mispronunciation (introduced by Christian theologians, but almost entirely disregarded by the Jews) of the Hebrew ‘Yhwh,’ the (ineffable) name of God (the Tetragrammaton or ‘Shem haMeforash’)… This pronunciation is grammatically impossible;
it arose through pronouncing the vowels of the ‘ḳere’ (marginal reading of the Masorites: = ‘Adonay’) with the consonants of the ‘ketib’ (text reading: = ‘Yhwh’)— ‘Adonay’” Jehovah, Jewish Encyclopedia

‘Jehovah’ is generally held to have been the invention of Pope Leo X.’s confessor, Peter Galatin,” ibid.One thing is for sure, we don’t see the vowel combination for Yahweh ever used in the text. This is perfectly understandable as the scribes were purposely hiding the Name. By simple deduction we can prove the name Yahweh by what is not in the text, as no vowel combination exists for the “ah” and “eh” sounds” in the Masoretic vowel points in any part of the Tetragrammaton, just like we should expect from someone hiding the name.

Conclusion: Jehovah has all but died out as a legitimate form in the scholarly world. Even the Jehovah’s Witnesses realize it’s not authentic. It wasn’t until recently that history repeated itself. The name Yehovah (Jehovah with a Y) was popularized in the Messianic Movement by a recent narrative that a certain Karaite Jew found the full vowels of Yehovah as he was in the bowels of the Hebrew University, reading the Aleppo Codex on 9-11, at the exact moment the planes were hitting the World Trade Center. It should be noted this Karaite has a history of hyperbole. Apparently this sensationalistic story is supposed to dazzle the believer into thinking there was a miracle in the making. The proper name has “now” been found by a supernatural why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible, he excitingly proclaimed. Now that yarn has been expanded from one obscure, “amazing” find to literally thousands of occurrences. But wait, how can that be? How can the narrative change so drastically and no one question it? Sadly, many do not see the elephant in this room. Why the change? As shown, we can find these “full vowels” not just in the Aleppo Codex but also the Leningrad codex in Genesis 3:14 the very codex that the majority of our Bibles translate from (see Below).

Genesis 3:14
Gen 3:14They have been there for hundreds of years, read by thousands of people, yet somehow only on 9-11 were the full vowels supposedly found in the Aleppo Codex, a 10th century CE oslo vav only 78 years older than the Leningrad codex.

Think about it! One full vowel combination became two, then three, then thousands over night. You can’t have it both ways, it can’t be an obscure scribal error found on 911 and yet be everywhere at the same time. It can’t be an accident and yet on purpose thousands of times.

Beware when you see a square peg in a round holem.Note: The above article uses the “v” for the 6th letter only to show those who use Yehovah the similarities with other name combinations using the vowels for Elohim. The 6th letter has a “w” anciently as taught by every accredited biblical Hebrew class and the Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

Yehovah is impossible on many levels. See: yrm.org/the-sixth-letter-waw-or-vav

Biblical Hebrew Scholar Dr. Bill Barrick of the Masters Seminary refutes the erroneous name Yehovah (Jehovah) why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible Hebrew grammar. He explains how heretical Alexandrian Jews (the very ones that translated the Septuagint) removed the name Yahweh for Kyrios (the lord) around 250 BCE out of a misguided understanding of the 3rd commandment. This has influenced not just Judaism, but also Christianity; as a result the title “lord” made it in your Bible, replacing Yahweh. yrm.org/barrick-yehovah

 

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Discourses defending Jehovah

Author Discourse Comments
Nicholas Fuller (1557–1626) Dissertatio de nomineיהוה (before 1626) Nicholas was a Hebraist and a theologian.[87]
John Buxtorf (1564–1629) Disserto de nomine JHVH (1620); Tiberias, sive Commentarius Masoreticus (1664) John Buxtorf the elder[88] opposed the views of Elia Levita regarding the late origin (invention by the Masoretes) of the Hebrew vowel points, a subject which gave rise to the controversy between Louis Cappel and his (e.g. John Buxtorf the elder's) son, Johannes Buxtorf II the younger.
Johannes Buxtorf II (1599–1664) Tractatus de punctorum origine, antiquitate, et authoritate, oppositus Arcano puntationis revelato Ludovici Cappelli (1648) Continued his father's arguments that the pronunciation and therefore the Hebrew vowel points resulting in the name Jehovah have divine inspiration.
Thomas Gataker (1574–1654) De Nomine Tetragrammato Dissertaio (1645)[89]See Memoirs of the Puritans.[90]
John Leusden (1624–1699) Dissertationes tres, de vera lectione nominis JehovaJohn Leusden wrote three discourses in defense of the name Jehovah.[89]

Summary of discourses

William Robertson Smith summarizes these discourses, concluding that "whatever, therefore, be the true pronunciation of the word, there can be little doubt that it is not Jehovah".[d] Despite this, he consistently uses the name Jehovah throughout his dictionary and why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible translating Hebrew names. Some examples include Isaiah [Jehovah's help or salvation], Jehoshua [Jehovah a helper], Jehu [Jehovah is He]. In the entry, Jehovah, Smith writes: "JEHOVAH (יְהֹוָה‎, usually with the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי‎; but when the two occur together, the former is pointed יֱהֹוִה‎, that is r rooster teeth xray and vav the vowels of אֱלֹהִים‎, as in Obad. i. 1, Hab. iii. 19:"[92] This practice is also observed in many modern publications, such as the New Compact Bible Life is struggle vava (Special Crusade Edition) of 1967 and Peloubet's Bible Dictionary of 1947.

Usage in English Bible translations

The following versions of the Bible render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah either exclusively or in selected verses:

  • William Tyndale, in his 1530 translation of the first five books of the English Bible, at Exodus 6:3 renders the divine name as Iehovah. In his foreword to this edition he wrote: "Iehovah is God's name. Moreover, as oft as thou seeist LORD in great letters (except there be any error in the printing) it is in Hebrew Iehovah."
  • The Great Bible (1539) renders Jehovah in Psalm 33:12 and Psalm 83:18.
  • The Geneva Bible (1560) translates the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, and two other times as place-names, Genesis 22:14 and Exodus 17:15.
  • In the Bishop's Bible (1568), the word Jehovah occurs in Exodus 6:3 and Psalm 83:18.
  • The Authorized King James Version (1611) renders Jehovah in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2 (see image), Isaiah 26:4, and three times in compound place names at Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15 and Judges 6:24.
  • Webster's Bible Translation (1833) by Noah Webster, a revision of the King James Bible, contains the form Jehovah in all cases where it appears in the original King James Version, as well as another seven times in Isaiah 51:21, Jeremiah 16:21; 23:6; 32:18; 33:16, Amos 5:8 and Micah 4:13.
  • Young's Literal Translation by Robert Young (1862, 1898) renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,831 times.
  • The Julia E. Smith Parker Translation (1876) considered the first complete translation of the Bible into English by a woman. This Bible version was titled The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments; Translated Literally from the Original Tongues. This translation prominently renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah throughout the entire Old Testament.
  • The English Revised Version (1881–1885, published with the Apocrypha in 1894) renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah where it appears in the King James Version, and another eight times in Exodus 6:2,6–8, Psalm 68:20, Isaiah 49:14, Jeremiah 16:21 and Habakkuk 3:19.
  • The Darby Bible (1890) by John Nelson Darby renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,810 times.
  • The American Standard Version (1901) renders the Tetragrammaton as Je-ho'vah in 6,823 places vave lift on rolls royce merlin engine the Old Testament.(Note: The Watchtower Edition of the ASV renders Jehovah in 6,870 places in the Old Testament, 47 more times than in mainstream editions.)
  • The Modern Reader's Bible (1914) an annotated reference study Bible based on the English Revised Version of 1894 by Richard Moulton, renders Jehovah where it appears in the English Revised Version of why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible Holy Scriptures (1936, 1951), Hebrew Publishing Company, revised by Alexander Harkavy, a Hebrew Bible translation in English, contains the form Jehovah where it appears in the King James Version except in Isaiah 26:4.
  • The Modern Language Bible—The New Berkeley Version in Modern English (1969) renders Jehovah in Genesis 22:14, Exodus 3:15, Exodus 6:3 and Isaiah 12:2. Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible translation was a revision of an earlier translation by Gerrit Verkuyl.
  • The New English Bible (1970) published by Oxford University Press uses Jehovah in Exodus 3:15–16 and 6:3, and in four place names at Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15, Judges 6:24 and Ezekiel 48:35. A total of 7 times.[93]
  • The King James II Version (1971) by Jay P. Green, Sr., published by Associated Publishers and Authors, renders Jehovah at Psalms 68:4 in addition to where it appears in the Authorized King James Version, a total of 8 times.
  • The Living Bible (1971) by Kenneth N. Taylor, published by Tyndale House Publishers, Illinois, Jehovah appears 428 times according to the Living Bible Concordance by Jack Atkeson Speer and published by Poolesville Presbyterian Church; 2nd edition (1973).
  • The Bible in Why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible English (1972) by Steven T. Byington, published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, renders the name Jehovah throughout the Old Testament over 6,800 times.
  • Green's Literal Translation (1985) by Jay P. Green, published by Sovereign Grace Publishers, renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,866 times.
  • The 21st Ha apai to vava u ferry King James Version (1994), published by Deuel Enterprises, Inc., renders Jehovah at Psalms 68:4 in addition to where it appears in the Authorized King James Version, a total of 8 times. A revision including the Apocrypha entitled the Third Millennium Bible (1998) also renders Jehovah in the same verses.
  • The American King James Version (1999) by Michael Engelbrite renders Jehovah in all the places where it appears in the Authorized King James Version.
  • The Recovery Version (1999, 2003, 2016) renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah throughout the Old Testament 6,841 times.
  • The New Belimo vav bacnet English Translation (Jehovah Edition) (2010) [a Public Domain work with no copyright] uses "Jehovah" 6,837 times.

Bible translations with the divine name in the New Testament:

Bible translations with the divine name in both the Old Testament and the New Testament: render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah either exclusively or in selected verses:

  • In the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1961, 1984, 2013) published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, Jehovah appears 7,199 times in the 1961 edition, 7,210 times in the 1984 revision and 7,216 times in the 2013 revision, comprising 6,979 instances in the Old Testament,[94] and 237 in the New Testament—including 70 of the 78 times where the New Testament quotes an Old Testament passage containing the Tetragrammaton,[95] where the Tetragrammaton does not appear in any extant Greek manuscript.
  • The Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English (2010) by David Bauscher, a self-published English translation of the New Testament, from the Aramaic of The Peshitta New Testament with a translation of the ancient Aramaic Peshitta version of Psalms & Proverbs, contains the word "JEHOVAH" approximately 239 times in the New Testament, where the Peshitta itself does not. In addition, "Jehovah" also appears 695 times in the Psalms and 87 times in Proverbs, totaling 1,021 instances.
  • The Divine Name King James Bible (2011) – Uses JEHOVAH 6,973 times throughout the OT, and LORD with Jehovah in parentheses 128 times in the NT.

Non-usage

The Douay Version of 1609 renders the phrase in Exodus 6:3 as "and my name Adonai", and in its footnote says: "Adonai is not the name here vttered to Moyses but is redde in place of the vnknowen name".[96] The Challoner revision (1750) uses ADONAI with a note stating, "some moderns have framed the name Jehovah, unknown to all the ancients, whether Jews or Christians."[97]

Various Messianic Jewish Bible translations use Adonai (Complete Jewish Bible (1998), Tree of Life Version (2014) or Hashem (Orthodox Jewish Bible (2002)).

A few sacred name Bibles use the Tetragrammaton instead of a generic title (e.g., the LORD) or a conjectural transliteration (e.g., Yahweh or Jehovah):

Most modern translations exclusively use Lord or LORD, generally indicating that the corresponding Hebrew is Yahweh or YHWH (not JHVH), and in some cases saying that this name is "traditionally" transliterated as Jehovah:[11][12]

  • The Revised Standard Version (1952), an authorized revision of the American Standard Version of 1901, replaced all 6,823 usages of Jehovah in the 1901 text with "LORD" or "GOD", depending on whether the Hebrew of the verse in question is read "Adonai" or "Elohim" in Jewish practice. A footnote on Exodus 3:15 says: "The word LORD when spelled with capital letters, stands for the divine name, YHWH." The preface states: "The word 'Jehovah' does not accurately represent any form of the name ever used in Hebrew".[98]
  • The New American Bible (1970, revised 1986, 1991). Its footnote to Genesis 4:25–26 says: ". men began to call God by his personal name, Yahweh, rendered as "the LORD" in this version of the Bible."[99]
  • The New American Standard Bible (1971, updated 1995), another revision of the 1901 American Standard Version, followed the example of the Revised Standard Version. Its footnotes to Exodus 3:14 and 6:3 state: "Related to the name of God, YHWH, rendered LORD, which is derived from the verb HAYAH, to be"; "Heb YHWH, usually rendered LORD". In its preface it says: "It is known that for many years YHWH has been transliterated as Yahweh, however no complete certainty attaches to this pronunciation."[100]
  • The Bible in Today's English (Good News Bible), published by the American Bible Society (1976). Its preface states: "the distinctive Hebrew name for God (usually transliterated Jehovah or Yahweh) is in this translation represented by 'The Lord'." A footnote to Exodus 3:14 states: "I am sounds like the Hebrew name Yahweh traditionally transliterated as Jehovah."
  • The New International Version (1978, revised 2011). Footnote to Exodus 3:15, "The Hebrew for LORD sounds like and may be related to the Hebrew for I AM in verse 14."
  • The New King James Version (1982), though based on the King James Version, replaces JEHOVAH wherever it appears in the Authorized King James Version with "LORD", and adds a note: "Hebrew YHWH, traditionally Jehovah", except at Psalms 68:4, Isaiah 12:2, Isaiah 26:4 and Isaiah 38:11 where the tetragrammaton is rendered "Yah".
  • The God's Word Translation (1985).
  • The New Revised Standard Version (1990), a revision of the Revised Standard Version uses "LORD" and "GOD" exclusively.
  • The New Century Version (1987, revised 1991).
  • The New International Reader's Version (1995).
  • The Contemporary English Version or CEV (also known as Bible for Today's Family) (1995).
  • The English Standard Version (2001). Footnote to Exodus 3:15, "The word LORD, when spelled with capital letters, stands for the divine name, YHWH, life is struggle vava is here connected with the verb hayah, 'to be'."
  • The Common English Bible (2011).
  • The Modern English Version (2014).

A few translations use titles such as The Eternal:

Some translations use both Yahweh and LORD:

  • The Bible, An American Translation (1939) by J. M. Powis Smith and Edgar J. Goodspeed. Generally uses "LORD" but uses Yahweh and/or "Yah" exactly where Jehovah appears in the King James Version except in Psalms 83:18, "Yahweh" also appears in Exodus 3:15.
  • The Amplified Bible (1965, revised 1987) generally uses Lord, but translates Exodus 6:3 as: "I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as God Almighty [El-Shaddai], but by My name the Lord [Yahweh—the redemptive name of God] I did not make Myself known to them [in acts and great miracles]."
  • The New Living Translation (1996), produced by Tyndale House Publishers as a successor to the Living Bible, generally uses LORD, but uses Yahweh in Exodus 3:15 and 6:3.
  • The Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004, revised 2008) mainly uses LORD, but in its second edition increased the number of times it uses Yahweh from 78 to 495 (in 451 verses).[101]

Some translate the Tetragrammaton exclusively as Yahweh:

Other usage

Following the Middle Ages, before and after the Protestant Reformation, some churches and public buildings across Europe were decorated with variants and cognates of "Jehovah". For example, why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible coat of arms of Plymouth (UK) City Council bears the Latin inscription, Turris fortissima est nomen Jehova[105] (English, "The name of Jehovah is the strongest tower"), derived from Vav shop 18:10. why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible of some Christian hymns, for example, "Guide me, O thou great Jehovah",[106] include "Jehovah". The form also appears in some reference books and novels, appearing several times in the novel The Greatest Story Ever Told, by Catholic author Fulton Oursler.[107]

Some religious groups, notably Jehovah's Witnesses[108] and proponents of the King-James-Only movement, continue to use Jehovah as the only name of God. In Mormonism, "Jehovah" is thought to be the name by which Jesus was known prior to his birth; references to "the LORD" in the KJV Old Testament are therefore understood to be references to the pre-mortal Jesus, whereas God the Father, who is regarded as a separate individual, is sometimes referred to as "Elohim". "Jehovah" is twice rendered in the Book of Mormon, in 2 Nephi 22:2 and Moroni 10:34.

Similar Greek names

Ancient

  • Ιουω (Iouō, Modern:[juɔ]): Pistis Sophia cited by Charles William King, which also gives Ιαω (Iaō, Modern:[jaɔ])[109] (2nd century)
  • Ιεου (Ieou, Modern:[jeu]): Pistis Sophia[109] (2nd century)
  • ΙΕΗΩΟΥΑ (I-E-Ē-Ō-O-Y-A, Modern:[ieɛɔoya]), the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet arranged in this order. Charles William King attributes to a work that he calls On Interpretations[110] the statement that this was the Egyptian name of the supreme God. He comments: "This is in fact a very correct representation, if we give each vowel its true Greek sound, of the Hebrew pronunciation of the vav ecmo for north-south syndrome Jehovah."[109]: 199–200  (2nd century)
  • Ιευώ (Ievō): Eusebius, who says that Sanchuniathon received the records of the Jews from Hierombalus, priest of the god Ieuo.[111] (c. 315)
  • Ιεωά (Ieōa): Hellenistic magical text[112] (2nd–3rd centuries), M. Kyriakakes[113] (2000)

Modern

Similar Latin and English transcriptions

Transcriptions of יְהֹוָה‎ similar to why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible occurred as early as the 12th century.

  • Ieve: Petrus Alphonsi[39] (c. vav ecmo for north-south syndrome, Alexander Geddes[119][120] (1800)
  • Jehova: Raymond Martin (Raymundus Martini)[118] (1278), Porchetus de Salvaticis[121] (1303), Tremellius (1575), Marcus Marinus (1593), Charles IX of Sweden[122] (1606), Rosenmüller[123] (1820), Wilhelm Gesenius (c. 1830)[124]
  • Yohoua: Raymond Martin[118] (1278)
  • Yohouah: Porchetus de Salvaticis (1303)
  • Ieoa: Nicholas of Cusa (1428)
  • Iehoua: Nicholas of Cusa (1428), Peter Galatin (Galatinus)[125] (1516)
  • Iehova: Nicholas of Cusa (1428), Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (1514), Sebastian Münster (1526), Leo Jud (1543), Robert Estienne (1557)
  • Ihehoua: Nicholas of Cusa (1428)
  • Jova: 16th century,[126] Rosenmüller[123] (1820)
  • Jehovah: Paul Fagius (1546), John Calvin (1557), King James Bible (1671 [OT] / 1669 [NT]), Matthew Poole[127] (1676), Benjamin Kennicott[128] (1753), Alexander Geddes[119] (1800)
  • Iehouáh: Geneva Bible (1560)
  • Iehovah: Authorized King James Version (1611), Henry Ainsworth (1627)
  • Jovae: Rosenmüller[123] (1820)
  • Yehovah: William Baillie[129] (1843)
  • Jahovah: Sebastian Schmidt[130] (1696), Samuel Hammond[131] (1899)

See also

  1. ^"יְהֹוָה‎ Jehovah, pr[oper] name of the supreme God amongst the Hebrews. The later Hebrews, for some centuries before the time of Christ, either misled by a false interpretation of certain laws (Ex. 20:7; Lev. 24:11), or else following some old superstition, regarded this name as so very holy, that it might not even be pronounced (see Philo, Vit. Mosis t.iii. p.519, 529). Whenever, therefore, this nomen tetragrammaton occurred in the sacred text, they were why has yod-heh-vav-heh been removed from the christian bible to substitute for it אֲדֹנָי‎, and thus the vowels of the noun אֲדֹנָי‎ are in the Masoretic text placed under the four letters יהוה, but with this difference, that the initial Yod receives a simple and not a compound Sh'va (יְהֹוָה‎ [Yəhōvā], not (יֲהֹוָה‎ [Yăhōvā]); prefixes, however, receive the same points as if they were followed by אֲדֹנָי‎ [.] This custom was already in vogue in the days of the LXX. translators; and thus it is that they everywhere translated יְהֹוָה‎ by ὁ Κύριος (אֲדֹנָי‎)."[24]: 337 
  2. ^The Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome renders the name as Adonai at Exodus 6:3 rather than as Dominus.
  3. ^According to the preface, this was because the translators felt that the "Jewish superstition, which regarded the Divine Name as too sacred to be uttered, ought no longer to dominate in the English or any other version of the Old Testament".
  4. ^Smith commented, "In the decade of dissertations collected by Reland, Fuller, Gataker, and Leusden do battle for the pronunciation Jehovah, against such formidable antagonists as Drusius, Amama, Cappellus, Buxtorf, and Altingius, who, it is scarcely necessary to say, fairly beat their opponents out of the field; "the only argument of any weight, which is employed by the advocates of the pronunciation of the word as it is written being that derived from the form in which it appears in proper names, such as Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, &c. [.] Their antagonists make a strong point of the fact that, as has been noticed above, two different sets of vowel points are applied to the same consonants under certain circumstances. To this Leusden, of all the champions on his side, but feebly replies. [.] The same may be said of the argument derived from the fact that the letters מוכלב, when prefixed to יהוה, take, not the vowels which they would regularly receive were the present pronunciation true, but those with which they would be written if אֲדֹנָי‎, adonai, were the reading; and that the letters ordinarily taking dagesh lene when following יהוה would, according to the rules of the Hebrew points, be written without dagesh, whereas it is uniformly inserted."[91]

References

  1. ^Exodus 6:3
  2. ^Stahl, Michael J. (2021). "The "God of Israel" and the Politics of Divinity in Ancient Israel". The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition. Vetus Testamentum: Supplements. Vol. 187. Leiden; Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 52–144. doi:10.1163/9789004447721_003. ISBN . S2CID 236752143.
  3. ^The Imperial Bible-Dictionary, Volume 1, p. 856. "Jehovah, on the other hand, the personality of the Supreme is more distinctly expressed. It is every where a proper name, denoting the personal God and him only; whereas Elohim partakes more of the character of a common noun, denoting usually, indeed, but not necessarily nor uniformly, the Supreme. Elohim may be grammatically defined by the article, or by having a suffix attached to it, or by being in construction with a following noun. The Hebrew may say the Elohim, the true God, in opposition to all false gods; but he never says the Jehovah, for Jehovah is the name of the true God only. He says again and again my God; but never my Jehovah, for when he says my God, he means Jehovah. He speaks of the God of Israel, but never of the Jehovah of Israel, for there is no other Jehovah. He speaks of the living God, but never of the living Jehovah, for he cannot conceive of Jehovah as other than living. It is obvious, therefore, that the name Elohim is the name of more general import, seeing that vav ecmo for north-south syndrome admits of definition and limitation in these various ways; whereas Jehovah is the more specific and personal name, altogether incapable of limitation."
  4. ^Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Erwin Fahlbusch; Jan Milic Lochman; John Mbiti; Jaroslav Pelikan; Lukas Vischer, eds. (2008-02-15). "Yahweh". The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Vol. 5. Translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing / Brill. pp. 823–824. ISBN .
  5. ^Parke-Taylor, G. H. (1 January 2006). Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 4. ISBN .
  6. ^Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1990). Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context. Augsburg Fortress. p. 384. ISBN .
  7. ^Krasovec, Joze (8 March 2010). The Transformation of Biblical Proper Names. A&C Black. p. 57. ISBN .
  8. ^ abSchaff, Philip. "Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia Vol. : 0494=470 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. p. 480. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
  9. ^ abIn the 7th paragraph of Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible, Sir Godfrey Driver wrote, "The early translators generally substituted 'Lord' for [YHWH]. [.] The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as Iehouah in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."
  10. ^"The Name of God in the Liturgy". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2008.
  11. ^ abEnglish Standard Version Translation Oversight Committee Preface to the English Standard Version Quote: "When the vowels of the word adonai are placed with the consonants of YHWH, this results in the familiar word Jehovah that was used in some earlier English Bible translations. As is common among English translations today, the ESV usually renders the personal name of God (YHWH) with the word Lord (printed in small capitals)."
  12. ^ abBruce M. Metzger for the New Revised Standard Version Committee. To the Reader, p. 5
  13. ^Source: The Divine Name in NorwayArchived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine,
  14. ^GOD, NAMES OF – 5. Yahweh (Yahweh) in New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. XII: Trench – Zwingli Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  15. ^ abcRoy Kotansky, Jeffrey Spier, "The 'Horned Hunter' on a Lost Gnostic Gem", The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 88, No. 3 (July, 1995), p. 318. Quote: "Although most scholars believe "Jehovah" to be a late (c. 1100 CE) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters JHVH with the vowels of Adonai (the traditionally pronounced version of יהוה), many magical texts in Semitic and Greek establish an early pronunciation of the divine name as both Yehovah and Yahweh."
  16. ^Jarl Fossum and Brian Glazer in their article Seth in the Magical Texts (Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphie 100 (1994), p. 86–92, reproduced here [1]Archived 2010-01-19 at the Wayback Machine, give the name "Yahweh" as the source of a number of names found in pagan magical texts: Ἰάβας (p. 88), Iaō vav ecmo for north-south syndrome as "a Greek form of the name of the Biblical God, Yahweh", on p. 89), Iaba, Iaē, Iaēo, Iaō, Iaēō (p. 89). On page 92, they call "Iaō" "the divine name".
  17. ^Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN .
  18. ^Kristin De Troyer The Names of God, Their Pronunciation and Their Translation, – lectio difficilior 2/2005. Quote: "IAO can be seen as a transliteration of YAHU, the three-letter form of the Name of God" (p. 6).
  19. ^ abcde"yhwh"(PDF). Aug 19, 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-08-19. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  20. ^ abDennio, Francis B., "On the Use of the Word Jehovah in Translating the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature 46, (1927), pages 147–148. Dennio wrote: "Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu. The settled connotations of Isaiah and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right. Usage has given them the connotation proper for designating the personalities with which these words represent. Much the same is true of Jehovah. It is not a barbarism. It has already many of the connotations needed for the proper name of the Covenant God of Israel. There is no word which can faintly compare with it. For centuries it has been gathering these connotations. No other word approaches this name in the fullness [sic] of associations required. The use of any other word falls far short of the proper ideas that it is a serious blemish in a translation."
  21. ^Jones, Scott. "יהוה Jehovah יהוה". Archived from the original on 4 August 2011.
  22. ^Carl D. Franklin – Debunking the Myths of Sacred Namers יהוה – Christian Biblical Church of God – December 9, 1997 – Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  23. ^George Wesley Buchanan, "How God's Name Was Pronounced," Biblical Archaeology Review 21.2 (March–April 1995), pp. 31–32.

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